Adaptive tissue compression techniques to adjust closure rates for multiple tissue types

ABSTRACT

A mechanism is disclosed for adapting operations of a surgical instrument based on data from actual, expected or predicted properties of tissue, data from measuring operation of the surgical instrument itself, and data based on clinician conduct. The adaptive measures can be based on predetermined control measures such as algorithms stored in operative communication with the surgical instrument, based on dynamically generated control measures, or a combination of both. Utilizing such mechanisms can help to adjust closure and firing algorithms based on tissue properties, improve battery usage, and learn from user operations, enhancing functioning of the instrument within an operational envelope.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates to surgical instruments and, in various circumstances, to surgical stapling and cutting instruments and staple cartridges therefor that are designed to staple and cut tissue.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features and advantages of the present disclosure, and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and the present disclosure will be better understood by reference to the following description of the present disclosure taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a surgical instrument that has an interchangeable shaft assembly operably coupled thereto;

FIG. 2 is an exploded assembly view of the interchangeable shaft assembly and surgical instrument of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is another exploded assembly view showing portions of the interchangeable shaft assembly and surgical instrument of FIGS. 1 and 2;

FIG. 4 is an exploded assembly view of a portion of the surgical instrument of FIGS. 1-3;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional side view of a portion of the surgical instrument of FIG. 4 with the firing trigger in a fully actuated position;

FIG. 6 is another cross-sectional view of a portion of the surgical instrument of FIG. 5 with the firing trigger in an unactuated position;

FIG. 7 is an exploded assembly view of one form of an interchangeable shaft assembly;

FIG. 8 is another exploded assembly view of portions of the interchangeable shaft assembly of FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 is another exploded assembly view of portions of the interchangeable shaft assembly of FIGS. 7 and 8;

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the interchangeable shaft assembly of FIGS. 7-9;

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a portion of the shaft assembly of FIGS. 7-10 with the switch drum omitted for clarity;

FIG. 12 is another perspective view of the portion of the interchangeable shaft assembly of FIG. 11 with the switch drum mounted thereon;

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a portion of the interchangeable shaft assembly of FIG. 11 operably coupled to a portion of the surgical instrument of FIG. 1 illustrated with the closure trigger thereof in an unactuated position;

FIG. 14 is a right side elevational view of the interchangeable shaft assembly and surgical instrument of FIG. 13;

FIG. 15 is a left side elevational view of the interchangeable shaft assembly and surgical instrument of FIGS. 13 and 14;

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a portion of the interchangeable shaft assembly of FIG. 11 operably coupled to a portion of the surgical instrument of FIG. 1 illustrated with the closure trigger thereof in an actuated position and a firing trigger thereof in an unactuated position;

FIG. 17 is a right side elevational view of the interchangeable shaft assembly and surgical instrument of FIG. 16;

FIG. 18 is a left side elevational view of the interchangeable shaft assembly and surgical instrument of FIGS. 16 and 17;

FIG. 18A is a right side elevational view of the interchangeable shaft assembly of FIG. 11 operably coupled to a portion of the surgical instrument of FIG. 1 illustrated with the closure trigger thereof in an actuated position and the firing trigger thereof in an actuated position;

FIG. 19 is a schematic of a system for powering down an electrical connector of a surgical instrument handle when a shaft assembly is not coupled thereto;

FIG. 20 is an exploded view of one aspect of an end effector of the surgical instrument of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 21A-21B is a circuit diagram of the surgical instrument of FIG. 1 spanning two drawings sheets;

FIG. 22 illustrates one instance of a power assembly comprising a usage cycle circuit configured to generate a usage cycle count of the battery back;

FIG. 23 illustrates one aspect of a process for sequentially energizing a segmented circuit;

FIG. 24 illustrates one aspect of a power segment comprising a plurality of daisy chained power converters;

FIG. 25 illustrates one aspect of a segmented circuit configured to maximize power available for critical and/or power intense functions;

FIG. 26 illustrates one aspect of a power system comprising a plurality of daisy chained power converters configured to be sequentially energized;

FIG. 27 illustrates one aspect of a segmented circuit comprising an isolated control section;

FIG. 28, which is divided into FIGS. 28A and 28B, is a circuit diagram of the surgical instrument of FIG. 1;

FIG. 29 is a block diagram the surgical instrument of FIG. 1 illustrating interfaces between the handle assembly 14 and the power assembly and between the handle assembly 14 and the interchangeable shaft assembly;

FIG. 30 illustrates one aspect of a process for adapting operations of a surgical instrument;

FIG. 31 illustrates one aspect of a process for adapting operations of a surgical instrument;

FIG. 32 illustrates one aspect of a mechanism for adapting operations of a surgical instrument in the context of closure motion and tissue pressure;

FIG. 33 illustrates one aspect of a mechanism for adapting speed associated with a parameter of a surgical instrument in the context of tissue modification and sensor modification;

FIG. 34 illustrates one aspect of a mechanism for adapting firing rate associated with a parameter of a surgical instrument in the context of tissue modification and sensor modification;

FIG. 35 illustrates one aspect of a mechanism for adapting operations associated with a surgical instrument in the context of tissue compression during a clamping phase;

FIG. 36 illustrates one aspect of a mechanism for adapting operations associated with a surgical instrument in the context of tissue compression during a firing phase;

FIG. 37 illustrates one aspect of a mechanism for adapting operations associated with a surgical instrument in the context of slowing a firing event where a peak is predicted above a limit;

FIG. 38 illustrates a portion of tissue having a disparity in thickness;

FIG. 39 illustrates a logic diagram of a system for evaluating sharpness of a cutting edge of a surgical instrument according to various aspects; and

FIG. 40 illustrates a logic diagram of a system for determining the forces applied against a cutting edge of a surgical instrument by a sharpness testing member at various sharpness levels according to various aspects.

DESCRIPTION

Applicant of the present application owns the following patent applications that were filed on even date herewith and which are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties:

U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled POWERED SURGICAL INSTRUMENT; Attorney Docket No. END7556USNP/140481;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled MULTIPLE LEVEL THRESHOLDS TO MODIFY OPERATION OF POWERED SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS; Attorney Docket No. END7552USNP/140477;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled OVERLAID MULTI SENSOR RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) ELECTRODE SYSTEM TO MEASURE TISSUE COMPRESSION; Attorney Docket No. END7562USNP/140487;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled MONITORING SPEED CONTROL AND PRECISION INCREMENTING OF MOTOR FOR POWERED SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS; Attorney Docket No. END7549USNP/140474;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled TIME DEPENDENT EVALUATION OF SENSOR DATA TO DETERMINE STABILITY, CREEP, AND VISCOELASTIC ELEMENTS OF MEASURES; Attorney Docket No. END7559USNP/140484;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled INTERACTIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM FOR POWERED SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS; Attorney Docket No. END7555USNP/140480;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND SUB-PROCESSOR CONTAINED WITHIN MODULAR SHAFT WITH SELECT CONTROL PROCESSING FROM HANDLE; Attorney Docket No. END7540USNP/140465;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled SMART SENSORS WITH LOCAL SIGNAL PROCESSING; Attorney Docket No. END7538USNP/140463;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT COMPRISING A LOCKABLE BATTERY HOUSING; Attorney Docket No. END7548USNP/140473;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled SYSTEM FOR DETECTING THE MIS-INSERTION OF A STAPLE CARTRIDGE INTO A SURGICAL STAPLER; Attorney Docket No. END7546USNP/140471; and

U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled SIGNAL AND POWER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM POSITIONED ON A ROTATABLE SHAFT; Attorney Docket No. END7561USNP/140486.

Applicant of the present application owns the following patent applications that were filed on Feb. 27, 2015, and which are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties:

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/633,576, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT SYSTEM COMPRISING AN INSPECTION STATION; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/633,546, entitled SURGICAL APPARATUS CONFIGURED TO ASSESS WHETHER A PERFORMANCE PARAMETER OF THE SURGICAL APPARATUS IS WITHIN AN ACCEPTABLE PERFORMANCE BAND; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/633,576, entitled SURGICAL CHARGING SYSTEM THAT CHARGES AND/OR CONDITIONS ONE OR MORE BATTERIES; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/633,566, entitled CHARGING SYSTEM THAT ENABLES EMERGENCY RESOLUTIONS FOR CHARGING A BATTERY; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/633,555, entitled SYSTEM FOR MONITORING WHETHER A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT NEEDS TO BE SERVICED; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/633,542, entitled REINFORCED BATTERY FOR A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/633,548, entitled POWER ADAPTER FOR A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/633,526, entitled ADAPTABLE SURGICAL INSTRUMENT HANDLE; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/633,541, entitled MODULAR STAPLING ASSEMBLY; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/633,562, entitled SURGICAL APPARATUS CONFIGURED TO TRACK AN END-OF-LIFE PARAMETER.

Applicant of the present application owns the following patent applications that were filed on Dec. 18, 2014 and which are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties:

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/574,478, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS COMPRISING AN ARTICULATABLE END EFFECTOR AND MEANS FOR ADJUSTING THE FIRING STROKE OF A FIRING;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/574,483, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ASSEMBLY COMPRISING LOCKABLE SYSTEMS;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/575,139, entitled DRIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR ARTICULATABLE SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/575,148, entitled LOCKING ARRANGEMENTS FOR DETACHABLE SHAFT ASSEMBLIES WITH ARTICULATABLE SURGICAL END EFFECTORS;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/575,130, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH AN ANVIL THAT IS SELECTIVELY MOVABLE ABOUT A DISCRETE NON-MOVABLE AXIS RELATIVE TO A STAPLE CARTRIDGE;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/575,143, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS WITH IMPROVED CLOSURE ARRANGEMENTS;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/575,117, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS WITH ARTICULATABLE END EFFECTORS AND MOVABLE FIRING BEAM SUPPORT ARRANGEMENTS;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/575,154, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS WITH ARTICULATABLE END EFFECTORS AND IMPROVED FIRING BEAM SUPPORT ARRANGEMENTS;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/574,493, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ASSEMBLY COMPRISING A FLEXIBLE ARTICULATION SYSTEM; and

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/574,500, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ASSEMBLY COMPRISING A LOCKABLE ARTICULATION SYSTEM.

Applicant of the present application owns the following patent applications that were filed on Mar. 1, 2013 and which are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties:

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/782,295, entitled ARTICULATABLE SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS WITH CONDUCTIVE PATHWAYS FOR SIGNAL COMMUNICATION, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0246471;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/782,323, entitled ROTARY POWERED ARTICULATION JOINTS FOR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0246472;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/782,338, entitled THUMBWHEEL SWITCH ARRANGEMENTS FOR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0249557;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/782,499, entitled ELECTROMECHANICAL SURGICAL DEVICE WITH SIGNAL RELAY ARRANGEMENT, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0246474;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/782,460, entitled MULTIPLE PROCESSOR MOTOR CONTROL FOR MODULAR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0246478;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/782,358, entitled JOYSTICK SWITCH ASSEMBLIES FOR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0246477;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/782,481, entitled SENSOR STRAIGHTENED END EFFECTOR DURING REMOVAL THROUGH TROCAR, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0246479;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/782,518, entitled CONTROL METHODS FOR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS WITH REMOVABLE IMPLEMENT PORTIONS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0246475;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/782,375, entitled ROTARY POWERED SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS WITH MULTIPLE DEGREES OF FREEDOM, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0246473; and

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/782,536, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT SOFT STOP, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0246476.

Applicant of the present application also owns the following patent applications that were filed on Mar. 14, 2013 and which are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties:

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,097, entitled ARTICULATABLE SURGICAL INSTRUMENT COMPRISING A FIRING DRIVE, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263542;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,193, entitled CONTROL ARRANGEMENTS FOR A DRIVE MEMBER OF A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263537;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,053, entitled INTERCHANGEABLE SHAFT ASSEMBLIES FOR USE WITH A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263564;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,086, entitled ARTICULATABLE SURGICAL INSTRUMENT COMPRISING AN ARTICULATION LOCK, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263541;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,210, entitled SENSOR ARRANGEMENTS FOR ABSOLUTE POSITIONING SYSTEM FOR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263538;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,148, entitled MULTI-FUNCTION MOTOR FOR A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263554;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,066, entitled DRIVE SYSTEM LOCKOUT ARRANGEMENTS FOR MODULAR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263565;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,117, entitled ARTICULATION CONTROL SYSTEM FOR ARTICULATABLE SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263553;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,130, entitled DRIVE TRAIN CONTROL ARRANGEMENTS FOR MODULAR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263543; and

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,159, entitled METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR OPERATING A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0277017.

Applicant of the present application also owns the following patent application that was filed on Mar. 7, 2014 and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/200,111, entitled CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263539.

Applicant of the present application also owns the following patent applications that were filed on Mar. 26, 2014 and are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties:

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/226,106, entitled POWER MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/226,099, entitled STERILIZATION VERIFICATION CIRCUIT;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/226,094, entitled VERIFICATION OF NUMBER OF BATTERY EXCHANGES/PROCEDURE COUNT;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/226,117, entitled POWER MANAGEMENT THROUGH SLEEP OPTIONS OF SEGMENTED CIRCUIT AND WAKE UP CONTROL;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/226,075, entitled MODULAR POWERED SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH DETACHABLE SHAFT ASSEMBLIES;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/226,093, entitled FEEDBACK ALGORITHMS FOR MANUAL BAILOUT SYSTEMS FOR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/226,116, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT UTILIZING SENSOR ADAPTATION;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/226,071, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT CONTROL CIRCUIT HAVING A SAFETY PROCESSOR;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/226,097, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT COMPRISING INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/226,126, entitled INTERFACE SYSTEMS FOR USE WITH SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/226,133, entitled MODULAR SURGICAL INSTRUMENT SYSTEM;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/226,081, entitled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING A SEGMENTED CIRCUIT;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/226,076, entitled POWER MANAGEMENT THROUGH SEGMENTED CIRCUIT AND VARIABLE VOLTAGE PROTECTION;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/226,111, entitled SURGICAL STAPLING INSTRUMENT SYSTEM; and

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/226,125, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT COMPRISING A ROTATABLE SHAFT.

Applicant of the present application also owns the following patent applications that were filed on Sep. 5, 2014 and which are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties:

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/479,103, entitled CIRCUITRY AND SENSORS FOR POWERED MEDICAL DEVICE;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/479,119, entitled ADJUNCT WITH INTEGRATED SENSORS TO QUANTIFY TISSUE COMPRESSION;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/478,908, entitled MONITORING DEVICE DEGRADATION BASED ON COMPONENT EVALUATION;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/478,895, entitled MULTIPLE SENSORS WITH ONE SENSOR AFFECTING A SECOND SENSOR'S OUTPUT OR INTERPRETATION;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/479,110, entitled USE OF POLARITY OF HALL MAGNET DETECTION TO DETECT MISLOADED CARTRIDGE;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/479,098, entitled SMART CARTRIDGE WAKE UP OPERATION AND DATA RETENTION;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/479,115, entitled MULTIPLE MOTOR CONTROL FOR POWERED MEDICAL DEVICE; and

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/479,108, entitled LOCAL DISPLAY OF TISSUE PARAMETER STABILIZATION.

Applicant of the present application also owns the following patent applications that were filed on Apr. 9, 2014 and which are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties:

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/248,590, entitled MOTOR DRIVEN SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS WITH LOCKABLE DUAL DRIVE SHAFTS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0305987;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/248,581, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT COMPRISING A CLOSING DRIVE AND A FIRING DRIVE OPERATED FROM THE SAME ROTATABLE OUTPUT, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0305989;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/248,595, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT SHAFT INCLUDING SWITCHES FOR CONTROLLING THE OPERATION OF THE SURGICAL INSTRUMENT, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0305988;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/248,588, entitled POWERED LINEAR SURGICAL STAPLER, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0309666;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/248,591, entitled TRANSMISSION ARRANGEMENT FOR A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0305991;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/248,584, entitled MODULAR MOTOR DRIVEN SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS WITH ALIGNMENT FEATURES FOR ALIGNING ROTARY DRIVE SHAFTS WITH SURGICAL END EFFECTOR SHAFTS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0305994;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/248,587, entitled POWERED SURGICAL STAPLER, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0309665;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/248,586, entitled DRIVE SYSTEM DECOUPLING ARRANGEMENT FOR A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0305990; and

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/248,607, entitled MODULAR MOTOR DRIVEN SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS WITH STATUS INDICATION ARRANGEMENTS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0305992.

Applicant of the present application also owns the following patent applications that were filed on Apr. 16, 2013 and which are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties:

U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/812,365, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY A SINGLE MOTOR;

U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/812,376, entitled LINEAR CUTTER WITH POWER;

U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/812,382, entitled LINEAR CUTTER WITH MOTOR AND PISTOL GRIP;

U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/812,385, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT HANDLE WITH MULTIPLE ACTUATION MOTORS AND MOTOR CONTROL; and

U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/812,372, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY A SINGLE MOTOR.

The present disclosure provides an overall understanding of the principles of the structure, function, manufacture, and use of the devices and methods disclosed herein. One or more examples of these aspects are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the devices and methods specifically described herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings are non-limiting examples. The features illustrated or described in connection with one example may be combined with the features of other examples. Such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure.

Reference throughout the specification to “various aspects,” “some aspects,” “one aspect,” or “an aspect”, or the like, means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the aspect is included in at least one aspect. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in various aspects,” “in some aspects,” “in one aspect”, or “in an aspect”, or the like, in places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same aspect. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more aspects. Thus, the particular features, structures, or characteristics illustrated or described in connection with one aspect may be combined, in whole or in part, with the features structures, or characteristics of one or more other aspects without limitation. Such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure.

The terms “proximal” and “distal” are used herein with reference to a clinician manipulating the handle portion of the surgical instrument. The term “proximal” referring to the portion closest to the clinician and the term “distal” referring to the portion located away from the clinician. It will be further appreciated that, for convenience and clarity, spatial terms such as “vertical,” “horizontal,” “up,” and “down” may be used herein with respect to the drawings. However, surgical instruments are used in many orientations and positions, and these terms are not intended to be limiting and/or absolute.

Various example devices and methods are provided for performing laparoscopic and minimally invasive surgical procedures. However, the person of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that the various methods and devices disclosed herein can be used in numerous surgical procedures and applications including, for example, in connection with open surgical procedures. As the present Detailed Description proceeds, those of ordinary skill in the art will further appreciate that the various instruments disclosed herein can be inserted into a body in any way, such as through a natural orifice, through an incision or puncture hole formed in tissue, etc. The working portions or end effector portions of the instruments can be inserted directly into a patient's body or can be inserted through an access device that has a working channel through which the end effector and elongated shaft of a surgical instrument can be advanced.

FIGS. 1-6 depict a motor-driven surgical cutting and fastening instrument 10 that may or may not be reused. In the illustrated examples, the instrument 10 includes a housing 12 that comprises a handle assembly 14 that is configured to be grasped, manipulated and actuated by the clinician. The housing 12 is configured for operable attachment to an interchangeable shaft assembly 200 that has a surgical end effector 300 operably coupled thereto that is configured to perform one or more surgical tasks or procedures. As the present Detailed Description proceeds, it will be understood that the various unique and novel arrangements of the various forms of interchangeable shaft assemblies disclosed herein also may be effectively employed in connection with robotically-controlled surgical systems. Thus, the term “housing” also may encompass a housing or similar portion of a robotic system that houses or otherwise operably supports at least one drive system that is configured to generate and apply at least one control motion which could be used to actuate the interchangeable shaft assemblies disclosed herein and their respective equivalents. The term “frame” may refer to a portion of a handheld surgical instrument. The term “frame” also may represent a portion of a robotically controlled surgical instrument and/or a portion of the robotic system that may be used to operably control a surgical instrument. For example, the interchangeable shaft assemblies disclosed herein may be employed with various robotic systems, instruments, components and methods disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/118,241, entitled SURGICAL STAPLING INSTRUMENTS WITH ROTATABLE STAPLE DEPLOYMENT ARRANGEMENTS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2012/0298719. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/118,241, entitled SURGICAL STAPLING INSTRUMENTS WITH ROTATABLE STAPLE DEPLOYMENT ARRANGEMENTS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2012/0298719, is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

The housing 12 depicted in FIGS. 1-3 is shown in connection with an interchangeable shaft assembly 200 that includes an end effector 300 that comprises a surgical cutting and fastening device that is configured to operably support a surgical staple cartridge 304 therein. The housing 12 may be configured for use in connection with interchangeable shaft assemblies that include end effectors that are adapted to support different sizes and types of staple cartridges, have different shaft lengths, sizes, and types, etc. In addition, the housing 12 also may be effectively employed with a variety of other interchangeable shaft assemblies including those assemblies that are configured to apply other motions and forms of energy such as, for example, radio frequency (RF) energy, ultrasonic energy and/or motion to end effector arrangements adapted for use in connection with various surgical applications and procedures. Furthermore, the end effectors, shaft assemblies, handles, surgical instruments, and/or surgical instrument systems can utilize any suitable fastener, or fasteners, to fasten tissue. For instance, a fastener cartridge comprising a plurality of fasteners removably stored therein can be removably inserted into and/or attached to the end effector of a shaft assembly.

FIG. 1 illustrates the surgical instrument 10 with an interchangeable shaft assembly 200 operably coupled thereto. FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate attachment of the interchangeable shaft assembly 200 to the housing 12 or handle assembly 14. As shown in FIG. 4, the handle assembly 14 may comprise a pair of interconnectable handle housing segments 16 and 18 that may be interconnected by screws, snap features, adhesive, etc. In the illustrated arrangement, the handle housing segments 16, 18 cooperate to form a pistol grip portion 19 that can be gripped and manipulated by the clinician. As will be discussed in further detail below, the handle assembly 14 operably supports a plurality of drive systems therein that are configured to generate and apply various control motions to corresponding portions of the interchangeable shaft assembly that is operably attached thereto.

Referring now to FIG. 4, the handle assembly 14 may further include a frame 20 that operably supports a plurality of drive systems. For example, the frame 20 can operably support a “first” or closure drive system, generally designated as 30, which may be employed to apply closing and opening motions to the interchangeable shaft assembly 200 that is operably attached or coupled thereto. In at least one form, the closure drive system 30 may include an actuator in the form of a closure trigger 32 that is pivotally supported by the frame 20. More specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 4, the closure trigger 32 is pivotally coupled to the housing 14 by a pin 33. Such arrangement enables the closure trigger 32 to be manipulated by a clinician such that when the clinician grips the pistol grip portion 19 of the handle assembly 14, the closure trigger 32 may be easily pivoted from a starting or “unactuated” position to an “actuated” position and more particularly to a fully compressed or fully actuated position. The closure trigger 32 may be biased into the unactuated position by spring or other biasing arrangement (not shown). In various forms, the closure drive system 30 further includes a closure linkage assembly 34 that is pivotally coupled to the closure trigger 32. As shown in FIG. 4, the closure linkage assembly 34 may include a first closure link 36 and a second closure link 38 that are pivotally coupled to the closure trigger 32 by a pin 35. The second closure link 38 also may be referred to herein as an “attachment member” and include a transverse attachment pin 37.

Still referring to FIG. 4, it can be observed that the first closure link 36 may have a locking wall or end 39 thereon that is configured to cooperate with a closure release assembly 60 that is pivotally coupled to the frame 20. In at least one form, the closure release assembly 60 may comprise a release button assembly 62 that has a distally protruding locking pawl 64 formed thereon. The release button assembly 62 may be pivoted in a counterclockwise direction by a release spring (not shown). As the clinician depresses the closure trigger 32 from its unactuated position towards the pistol grip portion 19 of the handle assembly 14, the first closure link 36 pivots upward to a point wherein the locking pawl 64 drops into retaining engagement with the locking wall 39 on the first closure link 36 thereby preventing the closure trigger 32 from returning to the unactuated position. See FIG. 18. Thus, the closure release assembly 60 serves to lock the closure trigger 32 in the fully actuated position. When the clinician desires to unlock the closure trigger 32 to permit it to be biased to the unactuated position, the clinician simply pivots the closure release button assembly 62 such that the locking pawl 64 is moved out of engagement with the locking wall 39 on the first closure link 36. When the locking pawl 64 has been moved out of engagement with the first closure link 36, the closure trigger 32 may pivot back to the unactuated position. Other closure trigger locking and release arrangements also may be employed.

Further to the above, FIGS. 13-15 illustrate the closure trigger 32 in its unactuated position which is associated with an open, or unclamped, configuration of the shaft assembly 200 in which tissue can be positioned between the jaws of the shaft assembly 200. FIGS. 16-18 illustrate the closure trigger 32 in its actuated position which is associated with a closed, or clamped, configuration of the shaft assembly 200 in which tissue is clamped between the jaws of the shaft assembly 200. Upon comparing FIGS. 14 and 17, the reader will appreciate that, when the closure trigger 32 is moved from its unactuated position (FIG. 14) to its actuated position (FIG. 17), the closure release button 62 is pivoted between a first position (FIG. 14) and a second position (FIG. 17). The rotation of the closure release button 62 can be referred to as being an upward rotation; however, at least a portion of the closure release button 62 is being rotated toward the circuit board 100. Referring to FIG. 4, the closure release button 62 can include an arm 61 extending therefrom and a magnetic element 63, such as a permanent magnet, for example, mounted to the arm 61. When the closure release button 62 is rotated from its first position to its second position, the magnetic element 63 can move toward the circuit board 100. The circuit board 100 can include at least one sensor configured to detect the movement of the magnetic element 63. In at least one aspect, a magnetic field sensor 65, for example, can be mounted to the bottom surface of the circuit board 100. The magnetic field sensor 65 can be configured to detect changes in a magnetic field surrounding the magnetic field sensor 65 caused by the movement of the magnetic element 63. The magnetic field sensor 65 can be in signal communication with a microcontroller 1500 (FIG. 19), for example, which can determine whether the closure release button 62 is in its first position, which is associated with the unactuated position of the closure trigger 32 and the open configuration of the end effector, its second position, which is associated with the actuated position of the closure trigger 32 and the closed configuration of the end effector, and/or any position between the first position and the second position.

As used throughout the present disclosure, a magnetic field sensor may be a Hall effect sensor, search coil, fluxgate, optically pumped, nuclear precession, SQUID, Hall-effect, anisotropic magnetoresistance, giant magnetoresistance, magnetic tunnel junctions, giant magnetoimpedance, magnetostrictive/piezoelectric composites, magnetodiode, magnetotransistor, fiber optic, magnetooptic, and microelectromechanical systems-based magnetic sensors, among others.

In at least one form, the handle assembly 14 and the frame 20 may operably support another drive system referred to herein as a firing drive system 80 that is configured to apply firing motions to corresponding portions of the interchangeable shaft assembly attached thereto. The firing drive system may 80 also be referred to herein as a “second drive system”. The firing drive system 80 may employ an electric motor 82, located in the pistol grip portion 19 of the handle assembly 14. In various forms, the motor 82 may be a DC brushed driving motor having a maximum rotation of, approximately, 25,000 RPM, for example. In other arrangements, the motor may include a brushless motor, a cordless motor, a synchronous motor, a stepper motor, or any other suitable electric motor. The motor 82 may be powered by a power source 90 that in one form may comprise a removable power pack 92. As shown in FIG. 4, for example, the power pack 92 may comprise a proximal housing portion 94 that is configured for attachment to a distal housing portion 96. The proximal housing portion 94 and the distal housing portion 96 are configured to operably support a plurality of batteries 98 therein. Batteries 98 may each comprise, for example, a Lithium Ion (“LI”) or other suitable battery. The distal housing portion 96 is configured for removable operable attachment to a control circuit board assembly 100 which is also operably coupled to the motor 82. A number of batteries 98 may be connected in series may be used as the power source for the surgical instrument 10. In addition, the power source 90 may be replaceable and/or rechargeable.

As outlined above with respect to other various forms, the electric motor 82 can include a rotatable shaft (not shown) that operably interfaces with a gear reducer assembly 84 that is mounted in meshing engagement with a with a set, or rack, of drive teeth 122 on a longitudinally-movable drive member 120. In use, a voltage polarity provided by the power source 90 can operate the electric motor 82 in a clockwise direction wherein the voltage polarity applied to the electric motor by the battery can be reversed in order to operate the electric motor 82 in a counter-clockwise direction. When the electric motor 82 is rotated in one direction, the drive member 120 will be axially driven in the distal direction “DD”. When the motor 82 is driven in the opposite rotary direction, the drive member 120 will be axially driven in a proximal direction “PD”. The handle assembly 14 can include a switch which can be configured to reverse the polarity applied to the electric motor 82 by the power source 90. As with the other forms described herein, the handle assembly 14 can also include a sensor that is configured to detect the position of the drive member 120 and/or the direction in which the drive member 120 is being moved.

Actuation of the motor 82 can be controlled by a firing trigger 130 that is pivotally supported on the handle assembly 14. The firing trigger 130 may be pivoted between an unactuated position and an actuated position. The firing trigger 130 may be biased into the unactuated position by a spring 132 or other biasing arrangement such that when the clinician releases the firing trigger 130, it may be pivoted or otherwise returned to the unactuated position by the spring 132 or biasing arrangement. In at least one form, the firing trigger 130 can be positioned “outboard” of the closure trigger 32 as was discussed above. In at least one form, a firing trigger safety button 134 may be pivotally mounted to the closure trigger 32 by pin 35. The safety button 134 may be positioned between the firing trigger 130 and the closure trigger 32 and have a pivot arm 136 protruding therefrom. See FIG. 4. When the closure trigger 32 is in the unactuated position, the safety button 134 is contained in the handle assembly 14 where the clinician cannot readily access it and move it between a safety position preventing actuation of the firing trigger 130 and a firing position wherein the firing trigger 130 may be fired. As the clinician depresses the closure trigger 32, the safety button 134 and the firing trigger 130 pivot down wherein they can then be manipulated by the clinician.

As discussed above, the handle assembly 14 can include a closure trigger 32 and a firing trigger 130. Referring to FIGS. 14-18A, the firing trigger 130 can be pivotably mounted to the closure trigger 32. The closure trigger 32 can include an arm 31 extending therefrom and the firing trigger 130 can be pivotably mounted to the arm 31 about a pivot pin 33. When the closure trigger 32 is moved from its unactuated position (FIG. 14) to its actuated position (FIG. 17), the firing trigger 130 can descend downwardly, as outlined above. After the safety button 134 has been moved to its firing position, referring primarily to FIG. 18A, the firing trigger 130 can be depressed to operate the motor of the surgical instrument firing system. In various instances, the handle assembly 14 can include a tracking system, such as system 800, for example, configured to determine the position of the closure trigger 32 and/or the position of the firing trigger 130. With primary reference to FIGS. 14, 17, and 18A, the tracking system 800 can include a magnetic element, such as permanent magnet 802, for example, which is mounted to an arm 801 extending from the firing trigger 130. The tracking system 800 can comprise one or more sensors, such as a first magnetic field sensor 803 and a second magnetic field sensor 804, for example, which can be configured to track the position of the magnet 802.

Upon comparing FIGS. 14 and 17, the reader will appreciate that, when the closure trigger 32 is moved from its unactuated position to its actuated position, the magnet 802 can move between a first position adjacent the first magnetic field sensor 803 and a second position adjacent the second magnetic field sensor 804.

Upon comparing FIGS. 17 and 18A, the reader will further appreciate that, when the firing trigger 130 is moved from an unfired position (FIG. 17) to a fired position (FIG. 18A), the magnet 802 can move relative to the second magnetic field sensor 804. The sensors 803 and 804 can track the movement of the magnet 802 and can be in signal communication with a microcontroller on the circuit board 100. With data from the first sensor 803 and/or the second sensor 804, the microcontroller can determine the position of the magnet 802 along a predefined path and, based on that position, the microcontroller can determine whether the closure trigger 32 is in its unactuated position, its actuated position, or a position therebetween. Similarly, with data from the first sensor 803 and/or the second sensor 804, the microcontroller can determine the position of the magnet 802 along a predefined path and, based on that position, the microcontroller can determine whether the firing trigger 130 is in its unfired position, its fully fired position, or a position therebetween.

As indicated above, in at least one form, the longitudinally movable drive member 120 has a rack of teeth 122 formed thereon for meshing engagement with a corresponding drive gear 86 of the gear reducer assembly 84. At least one form also includes a manually-actuatable “bailout” assembly 140 that is configured to enable the clinician to manually retract the longitudinally movable drive member 120 should the motor 82 become disabled. The bailout assembly 140 may include a lever or bailout handle assembly 14 that is configured to be manually pivoted into ratcheting engagement with teeth 124 also provided in the drive member 120. Thus, the clinician can manually retract the drive member 120 by using the bailout handle assembly 14 to ratchet the drive member 120 in the proximal direction “PD”. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2010/0089970, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,608,045 discloses bailout arrangements and other components, arrangements and systems that also may be employed with the various instruments disclosed herein. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/249,117, entitled POWERED SURGICAL CUTTING AND STAPLING APPARATUS WITH MANUALLY RETRACTABLE FIRING SYSTEM, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0089970, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,608,045, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Turning now to FIGS. 1 and 7, the interchangeable shaft assembly 200 includes a surgical end effector 300 that comprises an elongated channel 302 that is configured to operably support a staple cartridge 304 therein. The end effector 300 may further include an anvil 306 that is pivotally supported relative to the elongated channel 302. The interchangeable shaft assembly 200 may further include an articulation joint 270 and an articulation lock 350 (FIG. 8) which can be configured to releasably hold the end effector 300 in a desired position relative to a shaft axis SA-SA. Details regarding the construction and operation of the end effector 300, the articulation joint 270 and the articulation lock 350 are set forth in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,086, filed Mar. 14, 2013, entitled ARTICULATABLE SURGICAL INSTRUMENT COMPRISING AN ARTICULATION LOCK, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263541. The entire disclosure of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,086, filed Mar. 14, 2013, entitled ARTICULATABLE SURGICAL INSTRUMENT COMPRISING AN ARTICULATION LOCK, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263541, is hereby incorporated by reference herein. As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, the interchangeable shaft assembly 200 can further include a proximal housing or nozzle 201 comprised of nozzle portions 202 and 203. The interchangeable shaft assembly 200 can further include a closure tube 260 which can be utilized to close and/or open the anvil 306 of the end effector 300. Primarily referring now to FIGS. 8 and 9, the shaft assembly 200 can include a spine 210 which can be configured to fixably support a shaft frame portion 212 of the articulation lock 350. See FIG. 8. The spine 210 can be configured to, one, slidably support a firing member 220 therein and, two, slidably support the closure tube 260 which extends around the spine 210. The spine 210 can also be configured to slidably support a proximal articulation driver 230. The articulation driver 230 has a distal end 231 that is configured to operably engage the articulation lock 350. The articulation lock 350 interfaces with an articulation frame 352 that is adapted to operably engage a drive pin (not shown) on the end effector frame (not shown). As indicated above, further details regarding the operation of the articulation lock 350 and the articulation frame may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,086, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263541. In various circumstances, the spine 210 can comprise a proximal end 211 which is rotatably supported in a chassis 240. In one arrangement, for example, the proximal end 211 of the spine 210 has a thread 214 formed thereon for threaded attachment to a spine bearing 216 configured to be supported within the chassis 240. See FIG. 7. Such an arrangement facilitates rotatable attachment of the spine 210 to the chassis 240 such that the spine 210 may be selectively rotated about a shaft axis SA-SA relative to the chassis 240.

Referring primarily to FIG. 7, the interchangeable shaft assembly 200 includes a closure shuttle 250 that is slidably supported within the chassis 240 such that it may be axially moved relative thereto. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 7, the closure shuttle 250 includes a pair of proximally-protruding hooks 252 that are configured for attachment to the attachment pin 37 that is attached to the second closure link 38 as will be discussed in further detail below. A proximal end 261 of the closure tube 260 is coupled to the closure shuttle 250 for relative rotation thereto. For example, a U shaped connector 263 is inserted into an annular slot 262 in the proximal end 261 of the closure tube 260 and is retained within vertical slots 253 in the closure shuttle 250. See FIG. 7. Such an arrangement serves to attach the closure tube 260 to the closure shuttle 250 for axial travel therewith while enabling the closure tube 260 to rotate relative to the closure shuttle 250 about the shaft axis SA-SA. A closure spring 268 is journaled on the closure tube 260 and serves to bias the closure tube 260 in the proximal direction “PD” which can serve to pivot the closure trigger into the unactuated position when the shaft assembly is operably coupled to the handle assembly 14.

In at least one form, the interchangeable shaft assembly 200 may further include an articulation joint 270. Other interchangeable shaft assemblies, however, may not be capable of articulation. As shown in FIG. 7, for example, the articulation joint 270 includes a double pivot closure sleeve assembly 271. According to various forms, the double pivot closure sleeve assembly 271 includes an end effector closure sleeve assembly 272 having upper and lower distally projecting tangs 273, 274. An end effector closure sleeve assembly 272 includes a horseshoe aperture 275 and a tab 276 for engaging an opening tab on the anvil 306 in the various manners described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,086, filed Mar. 14, 2013, entitled ARTICULATABLE SURGICAL INSTRUMENT COMPRISING AN ARTICULATION LOCK, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263541, which has been incorporated by reference herein. As described in further detail therein, the horseshoe aperture 275 and tab 276 engage a tab on the anvil when the anvil 306 is opened. An upper double pivot link 277 includes upwardly projecting distal and proximal pivot pins that engage respectively an upper distal pin hole in the upper proximally projecting tang 273 and an upper proximal pin hole in an upper distally projecting tang 264 on the closure tube 260. A lower double pivot link 278 includes upwardly projecting distal and proximal pivot pins that engage respectively a lower distal pin hole in the lower proximally projecting tang 274 and a lower proximal pin hole in the lower distally projecting tang 265. See also FIG. 8.

In use, the closure tube 260 is translated distally (direction “DD”) to close the anvil 306, for example, in response to the actuation of the closure trigger 32. The anvil 306 is closed by distally translating the closure tube 260 and thus the shaft closure sleeve assembly 272, causing it to strike a proximal surface on the anvil 360 in the manner described in the aforementioned reference U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,086, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263541. As was also described in detail in that reference, the anvil 306 is opened by proximally translating the closure tube 260 and the shaft closure sleeve assembly 272, causing tab 276 and the horseshoe aperture 275 to contact and push against the anvil tab to lift the anvil 306. In the anvil-open position, the shaft closure tube 260 is moved to its proximal position.

As indicated above, the surgical instrument 10 may further include an articulation lock 350 of the types and construction described in further detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,086, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263541, which can be configured and operated to selectively lock the end effector 300 in position. Such arrangement enables the end effector 300 to be rotated, or articulated, relative to the shaft closure tube 260 when the articulation lock 350 is in its unlocked state. In such an unlocked state, the end effector 300 can be positioned and pushed against soft tissue and/or bone, for example, surrounding the surgical site within the patient in order to cause the end effector 300 to articulate relative to the closure tube 260. The end effector 300 also may be articulated relative to the closure tube 260 by an articulation driver 230.

As was also indicated above, the interchangeable shaft assembly 200 further includes a firing member 220 that is supported for axial travel within the shaft spine 210. The firing member 220 includes an intermediate firing shaft portion 222 that is configured for attachment to a distal cutting portion or knife bar 280. The firing member 220 also may be referred to herein as a “second shaft” and/or a “second shaft assembly”. As shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, the intermediate firing shaft portion 222 may include a longitudinal slot 223 in the distal end thereof which can be configured to receive a tab 284 on the proximal end 282 of the distal knife bar 280. The longitudinal slot 223 and the proximal end 282 can be sized and configured to permit relative movement therebetween and can comprise a slip joint 286. The slip joint 286 can permit the intermediate firing shaft portion 222 of the firing drive 220 to be moved to articulate the end effector 300 without moving, or at least substantially moving, the knife bar 280. Once the end effector 300 has been suitably oriented, the intermediate firing shaft portion 222 can be advanced distally until a proximal sidewall of the longitudinal slot 223 comes into contact with the tab 284 in order to advance the knife bar 280 and fire the staple cartridge positioned within the channel 302 As can be further seen in FIGS. 8 and 9, the shaft spine 210 has an elongate opening or window 213 therein to facilitate assembly and insertion of the intermediate firing shaft portion 222 into the shaft frame 210. Once the intermediate firing shaft portion 222 has been inserted therein, a top frame segment 215 may be engaged with the shaft frame 212 to enclose the intermediate firing shaft portion 222 and knife bar 280 therein. Further description of the operation of the firing member 220 may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,086, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263541.

Further to the above, the shaft assembly 200 can include a clutch assembly 400 which can be configured to selectively and releasably couple the articulation driver 230 to the firing member 220. In one form, the clutch assembly 400 includes a lock collar, or sleeve 402, positioned around the firing member 220 wherein the lock sleeve 402 can be rotated between an engaged position in which the lock sleeve 402 couples the articulation driver 360 to the firing member 220 and a disengaged position in which the articulation driver 360 is not operably coupled to the firing member 200. When lock sleeve 402 is in its engaged position, distal movement of the firing member 220 can move the articulation driver 360 distally and, correspondingly, proximal movement of the firing member 220 can move the articulation driver 230 proximally. When lock sleeve 402 is in its disengaged position, movement of the firing member 220 is not transmitted to the articulation driver 230 and, as a result, the firing member 220 can move independently of the articulation driver 230. In various circumstances, the articulation driver 230 can be held in position by the articulation lock 350 when the articulation driver 230 is not being moved in the proximal or distal directions by the firing member 220.

Referring primarily to FIG. 9, the lock sleeve 402 can comprise a cylindrical, or an at least substantially cylindrical, body including a longitudinal aperture 403 defined therein configured to receive the firing member 220. The lock sleeve 402 can comprise diametrically-opposed, inwardly-facing lock protrusions 404 and an outwardly-facing lock member 406. The lock protrusions 404 can be configured to be selectively engaged with the firing member 220. More particularly, when the lock sleeve 402 is in its engaged position, the lock protrusions 404 are positioned within a drive notch 224 defined in the firing member 220 such that a distal pushing force and/or a proximal pulling force can be transmitted from the firing member 220 to the lock sleeve 402. When the lock sleeve 402 is in its engaged position, the second lock member 406 is received within a drive notch 232 defined in the articulation driver 230 such that the distal pushing force and/or the proximal pulling force applied to the lock sleeve 402 can be transmitted to the articulation driver 230. In effect, the firing member 220, the lock sleeve 402, and the articulation driver 230 will move together when the lock sleeve 402 is in its engaged position. On the other hand, when the lock sleeve 402 is in its disengaged position, the lock protrusions 404 may not be positioned within the drive notch 224 of the firing member 220 and, as a result, a distal pushing force and/or a proximal pulling force may not be transmitted from the firing member 220 to the lock sleeve 402. Correspondingly, the distal pushing force and/or the proximal pulling force may not be transmitted to the articulation driver 230. In such circumstances, the firing member 220 can be slid proximally and/or distally relative to the lock sleeve 402 and the proximal articulation driver 230.

As shown in FIGS. 8-12, the shaft assembly 200 further includes a switch drum 500 that is rotatably received on the closure tube 260. The switch drum 500 comprises a hollow shaft segment 502 that has a shaft boss 504 formed thereon for receive an outwardly protruding actuation pin 410 therein. In various circumstances, the actuation pin 410 extends through a slot 267 into a longitudinal slot 408 provided in the lock sleeve 402 to facilitate axial movement of the lock sleeve 402 when it is engaged with the articulation driver 230. A rotary torsion spring 420 is configured to engage the boss 504 on the switch drum 500 and a portion of the nozzle housing 203 as shown in FIG. 10 to apply a biasing force to the switch drum 500. The switch drum 500 can further comprise at least partially circumferential openings 506 defined therein which, referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, can be configured to receive circumferential mounts 204, 205 extending from the nozzle halves 202, 203 and permit relative rotation, but not translation, between the switch drum 500 and the proximal nozzle 201. As shown in those Figures, the mounts 204 and 205 also extend through openings 266 in the closure tube 260 to be seated in recesses 211 in the shaft spine 210. However, rotation of the nozzle 201 to a point where the mounts 204, 205 reach the end of their respective slots 506 in the switch drum 500 will result in rotation of the switch drum 500 about the shaft axis SA-SA. Rotation of the switch drum 500 will ultimately result in the rotation of eth actuation pin 410 and the lock sleeve 402 between its engaged and disengaged positions. Thus, in essence, the nozzle 201 may be employed to operably engage and disengage the articulation drive system with the firing drive system in the various manners described in further detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,086, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263541.

As also illustrated in FIGS. 8-12, the shaft assembly 200 can comprise a slip ring assembly 600 which can be configured to conduct electrical power to and/or from the end effector 300 and/or communicate signals to and/or from the end effector 300, for example. The slip ring assembly 600 can comprise a proximal connector flange 604 mounted to a chassis flange 242 extending from the chassis 240 and a distal connector flange 601 positioned within a slot defined in the shaft housings 202, 203. The proximal connector flange 604 can comprise a first face and the distal connector flange 601 can comprise a second face which is positioned adjacent to and movable relative to the first face. The distal connector flange 601 can rotate relative to the proximal connector flange 604 about the shaft axis SA-SA. The proximal connector flange 604 can comprise a plurality of concentric, or at least substantially concentric, conductors 602 defined in the first face thereof. A connector 607 can be mounted on the proximal side of the connector flange 601 and may have a plurality of contacts (not shown) wherein each contact corresponds to and is in electrical contact with one of the conductors 602. Such an arrangement permits relative rotation between the proximal connector flange 604 and the distal connector flange 601 while maintaining electrical contact therebetween. The proximal connector flange 604 can include an electrical connector 606 which can place the conductors 602 in signal communication with a shaft circuit board 610 mounted to the shaft chassis 240, for example. In at least one instance, a wiring harness comprising a plurality of conductors can extend between the electrical connector 606 and the shaft circuit board 610. The electrical connector 606 may extend proximally through a connector opening 243 defined in the chassis mounting flange 242. See FIG. 7. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/800,067, entitled STAPLE CARTRIDGE TISSUE THICKNESS SENSOR SYSTEM, filed on Mar. 13, 2013, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263552, is incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/800,025, entitled STAPLE CARTRIDGE TISSUE THICKNESS SENSOR SYSTEM, filed on Mar. 13, 2013, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263551, is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Further details regarding slip ring assembly 600 may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,086, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263541.

As discussed above, the shaft assembly 200 can include a proximal portion which is fixably mounted to the handle assembly 14 and a distal portion which is rotatable about a longitudinal axis. The rotatable distal shaft portion can be rotated relative to the proximal portion about the slip ring assembly 600, as discussed above. The distal connector flange 601 of the slip ring assembly 600 can be positioned within the rotatable distal shaft portion. Moreover, further to the above, the switch drum 500 can also be positioned within the rotatable distal shaft portion. When the rotatable distal shaft portion is rotated, the distal connector flange 601 and the switch drum 500 can be rotated synchronously with one another. In addition, the switch drum 500 can be rotated between a first position and a second position relative to the distal connector flange 601. When the switch drum 500 is in its first position, the articulation drive system may be operably disengaged from the firing drive system and, thus, the operation of the firing drive system may not articulate the end effector 300 of the shaft assembly 200. When the switch drum 500 is in its second position, the articulation drive system may be operably engaged with the firing drive system and, thus, the operation of the firing drive system may articulate the end effector 300 of the shaft assembly 200. When the switch drum 500 is moved between its first position and its second position, the switch drum 500 is moved relative to distal connector flange 601. In various instances, the shaft assembly 200 can comprise at least one sensor configured to detect the position of the switch drum 500. Turning now to FIGS. 11 and 12, the distal connector flange 601 can comprise a magnetic field sensor 605, for example, and the switch drum 500 can comprise a magnetic element, such as permanent magnet 505, for example. The magnetic field sensor 605 can be configured to detect the position of the permanent magnet 505. When the switch drum 500 is rotated between its first position and its second position, the permanent magnet 505 can move relative to the magnetic field sensor 605. In various instances, magnetic field sensor 605 can detect changes in a magnetic field created when the permanent magnet 505 is moved. The magnetic field sensor 605 can be in signal communication with the shaft circuit board 610 and/or the handle circuit board 100, for example. Based on the signal from the magnetic field sensor 605, a microcontroller on the shaft circuit board 610 and/or the handle circuit board 100 can determine whether the articulation drive system is engaged with or disengaged from the firing drive system.

Referring again to FIGS. 3 and 7, the chassis 240 includes at least one, and preferably two, tapered attachment portions 244 formed thereon that are adapted to be received within corresponding dovetail slots 702 formed within a distal attachment flange portion 700 of the frame 20. Each dovetail slot 702 may be tapered or, stated another way, be somewhat V-shaped to seatingly receive the attachment portions 244 therein. As can be further seen in FIGS. 3 and 7, a shaft attachment lug 226 is formed on the proximal end of the intermediate firing shaft 222. As will be discussed in further detail below, when the interchangeable shaft assembly 200 is coupled to the handle assembly 14, the shaft attachment lug 226 is received in a firing shaft attachment cradle 126 formed in the distal end 125 of the longitudinal drive member 120 as shown in FIGS. 3 and 6, for example.

Various shaft assemblies employ a latch system 710 for removably coupling the shaft assembly 200 to the housing 12 and more specifically to the frame 20. As shown in FIG. 7, for example, in at least one form, the latch system 710 includes a lock member or lock yoke 712 that is movably coupled to the chassis 240. In the illustrated example, for example, the lock yoke 712 has a U-shape with two spaced downwardly extending legs 714. The legs 714 each have a pivot lug 716 formed thereon that are adapted to be received in corresponding holes 245 formed in the chassis 240. Such arrangement facilitates pivotal attachment of the lock yoke 712 to the chassis 240. The lock yoke 712 may include two proximally protruding lock lugs 714 that are configured for releasable engagement with corresponding lock detents or grooves 704 in the distal attachment flange 700 of the frame 20. See FIG. 3. In various forms, the lock yoke 712 is biased in the proximal direction by spring or biasing member (not shown). Actuation of the lock yoke 712 may be accomplished by a latch button 722 that is slidably mounted on a latch actuator assembly 720 that is mounted to the chassis 240. The latch button 722 may be biased in a proximal direction relative to the lock yoke 712. As will be discussed in further detail below, the lock yoke 712 may be moved to an unlocked position by biasing the latch button the in distal direction which also causes the lock yoke 712 to pivot out of retaining engagement with the distal attachment flange 700 of the frame 20. When the lock yoke 712 is in “retaining engagement” with the distal attachment flange 700 of the frame 20, the lock lugs 716 are retainingly seated within the corresponding lock detents or grooves 704 in the distal attachment flange 700.

When employing an interchangeable shaft assembly that includes an end effector of the type described herein that is adapted to cut and fasten tissue, as well as other types of end effectors, it may be desirable to prevent inadvertent detachment of the interchangeable shaft assembly from the housing during actuation of the end effector. For example, in use the clinician may actuate the closure trigger 32 to grasp and manipulate the target tissue into a desired position. Once the target tissue is positioned within the end effector 300 in a desired orientation, the clinician may then fully actuate the closure trigger 32 to close the anvil 306 and clamp the target tissue in position for cutting and stapling. In that instance, the first drive system 30 has been fully actuated. After the target tissue has been clamped in the end effector 300, it may be desirable to prevent the inadvertent detachment of the shaft assembly 200 from the housing 12. One form of the latch system 710 is configured to prevent such inadvertent detachment.

As can be most particularly seen in FIG. 7, the lock yoke 712 includes at least one and preferably two lock hooks 718 that are adapted to contact corresponding lock lug portions 256 that are formed on the closure shuttle 250. Referring to FIGS. 13-15, when the closure shuttle 250 is in an unactuated position (i.e., the first drive system 30 is unactuated and the anvil 306 is open), the lock yoke 712 may be pivoted in a distal direction to unlock the interchangeable shaft assembly 200 from the housing 12. When in that position, the lock hooks 718 do not contact the lock lug portions 256 on the closure shuttle 250. However, when the closure shuttle 250 is moved to an actuated position (i.e., the first drive system 30 is actuated and the anvil 306 is in the closed position), the lock yoke 712 is prevented from being pivoted to an unlocked position. See FIGS. 16-18. Stated another way, if the clinician were to attempt to pivot the lock yoke 712 to an unlocked position or, for example, the lock yoke 712 was in advertently bumped or contacted in a manner that might otherwise cause it to pivot distally, the lock hooks 718 on the lock yoke 712 will contact the lock lugs 256 on the closure shuttle 250 and prevent movement of the lock yoke 712 to an unlocked position.

Attachment of the interchangeable shaft assembly 200 to the handle assembly 14 will now be described with reference to FIG. 3. To commence the coupling process, the clinician may position the chassis 240 of the interchangeable shaft assembly 200 above or adjacent to the distal attachment flange 700 of the frame 20 such that the tapered attachment portions 244 formed on the chassis 240 are aligned with the dovetail slots 702 in the frame 20. The clinician may then move the shaft assembly 200 along an installation axis IA that is perpendicular to the shaft axis SA-SA to seat the attachment portions 244 in “operable engagement” with the corresponding dovetail receiving slots 702. In doing so, the shaft attachment lug 226 on the intermediate firing shaft 222 will also be seated in the cradle 126 in the longitudinally movable drive member 120 and the portions of pin 37 on the second closure link 38 will be seated in the corresponding hooks 252 in the closure yoke 250. As used herein, the term “operable engagement” in the context of two components means that the two components are sufficiently engaged with each other so that upon application of an actuation motion thereto, the components may carry out their intended action, function and/or procedure.

As discussed above, at least five systems of the interchangeable shaft assembly 200 can be operably coupled with at least five corresponding systems of the handle assembly 14. A first system can comprise a frame system which couples and/or aligns the frame or spine of the shaft assembly 200 with the frame 20 of the handle assembly 14. Another system can comprise a closure drive system 30 which can operably connect the closure trigger 32 of the handle assembly 14 and the closure tube 260 and the anvil 306 of the shaft assembly 200. As outlined above, the closure tube attachment yoke 250 of the shaft assembly 200 can be engaged with the pin 37 on the second closure link 38. Another system can comprise the firing drive system 80 which can operably connect the firing trigger 130 of the handle assembly 14 with the intermediate firing shaft 222 of the shaft assembly 200.

As outlined above, the shaft attachment lug 226 can be operably connected with the cradle 126 of the longitudinal drive member 120. Another system can comprise an electrical system which can signal to a controller in the handle assembly 14, such as microcontroller, for example, that a shaft assembly, such as shaft assembly 200, for example, has been operably engaged with the handle assembly 14 and/or, two, conduct power and/or communication signals between the shaft assembly 200 and the handle assembly 14. For instance, the shaft assembly 200 can include an electrical connector 1410 that is operably mounted to the shaft circuit board 610. The electrical connector 1410 is configured for mating engagement with a corresponding electrical connector 1400 on the handle control board 100. Further details regaining the circuitry and control systems may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,086, the entire disclosure of which was previously incorporated by reference herein. The fifth system may consist of the latching system for releasably locking the shaft assembly 200 to the handle assembly 14.

Referring again to FIGS. 2 and 3, the handle assembly 14 can include an electrical connector 1400 comprising a plurality of electrical contacts. Turning now to FIG. 19, the electrical connector 1400 can comprise a first contact 1401 a, a second contact 1401 b, a third contact 1401 c, a fourth contact 1401 d, a fifth contact 1401 e, and a sixth contact 1401 f, for example. While the illustrated example utilizes six contacts, other examples are envisioned which may utilize more than six contacts or less than six contacts.

As illustrated in FIG. 19, the first contact 1401 a can be in electrical communication with a transistor 1408, contacts 1401 b-1401 e can be in electrical communication with a microcontroller 1500, and the sixth contact 1401 f can be in electrical communication with a ground. In certain circumstances, one or more of the electrical contacts 1401 b-1401 e may be in electrical communication with one or more output channels of the microcontroller 1500 and can be energized, or have a voltage potential applied thereto, when the handle 1042 is in a powered state. In some circumstances, one or more of the electrical contacts 1401 b-1401 e may be in electrical communication with one or more input channels of the microcontroller 1500 and, when the handle assembly 14 is in a powered state, the microcontroller 1500 can be configured to detect when a voltage potential is applied to such electrical contacts. When a shaft assembly, such as shaft assembly 200, for example, is assembled to the handle assembly 14, the electrical contacts 1401 a-1401 f may not communicate with each other. When a shaft assembly is not assembled to the handle assembly 14, however, the electrical contacts 1401 a-1401 f of the electrical connector 1400 may be exposed and, in some circumstances, one or more of the contacts 1401 a-1401 f may be accidentally placed in electrical communication with each other. Such circumstances can arise when one or more of the contacts 1401 a-1401 f come into contact with an electrically conductive material, for example. When this occurs, the microcontroller 1500 can receive an erroneous input and/or the shaft assembly 200 can receive an erroneous output, for example. To address this issue, in various circumstances, the handle assembly 14 may be unpowered when a shaft assembly, such as shaft assembly 200, for example, is not attached to the handle assembly 14.

In other circumstances, the handle 1042 can be powered when a shaft assembly, such as shaft assembly 200, for example, is not attached thereto. In such circumstances, the microcontroller 1500 can be configured to ignore inputs, or voltage potentials, applied to the contacts in electrical communication with the microcontroller 1500, i.e., contacts 1401 b-1401 e, for example, until a shaft assembly is attached to the handle assembly 14. Even though the microcontroller 1500 may be supplied with power to operate other functionalities of the handle assembly 14 in such circumstances, the handle assembly 14 may be in a powered-down state. In a way, the electrical connector 1400 may be in a powered-down state as voltage potentials applied to the electrical contacts 1401 b-1401 e may not affect the operation of the handle assembly 14. The reader will appreciate that, even though contacts 1401 b-1401 e may be in a powered-down state, the electrical contacts 1401 a and 1401 f, which are not in electrical communication with the microcontroller 1500, may or may not be in a powered-down state. For instance, sixth contact 1401 f may remain in electrical communication with a ground regardless of whether the handle assembly 14 is in a powered-up or a powered-down state.

Furthermore, the transistor 1408, and/or any other suitable arrangement of transistors, such as transistor 1410, for example, and/or switches may be configured to control the supply of power from a power source 1404, such as a battery 90 within the handle assembly 14, for example, to the first electrical contact 1401 a regardless of whether the handle assembly 14 is in a powered-up or a powered-down state. In various circumstances, the shaft assembly 200, for example, can be configured to change the state of the transistor 1408 when the shaft assembly 200 is engaged with the handle assembly 14. In certain circumstances, further to the below, a magnetic field sensor 1402 can be configured to switch the state of transistor 1410 which, as a result, can switch the state of transistor 1408 and ultimately supply power from power source 1404 to first contact 1401 a. In this way, both the power circuits and the signal circuits to the connector 1400 can be powered down when a shaft assembly is not installed to the handle assembly 14 and powered up when a shaft assembly is installed to the handle assembly 14.

In various circumstances, referring again to FIG. 19, the handle assembly 14 can include the magnetic field sensor 1402, for example, which can be configured to detect a detectable element, such as a magnetic element 1407 (FIG. 3), for example, on a shaft assembly, such as shaft assembly 200, for example, when the shaft assembly is coupled to the handle assembly 14. The magnetic field sensor 1402 can be powered by a power source 1406, such as a battery, for example, which can, in effect, amplify the detection signal of the magnetic field sensor 1402 and communicate with an input channel of the microcontroller 1500 via the circuit illustrated in FIG. 19. Once the microcontroller 1500 has a received an input indicating that a shaft assembly has been at least partially coupled to the handle assembly 14, and that, as a result, the electrical contacts 1401 a-1401 f are no longer exposed, the microcontroller 1500 can enter into its normal, or powered-up, operating state. In such an operating state, the microcontroller 1500 will evaluate the signals transmitted to one or more of the contacts 1401 b-1401 e from the shaft assembly and/or transmit signals to the shaft assembly through one or more of the contacts 1401 b-1401 e in normal use thereof. In various circumstances, the shaft assembly 200 may have to be fully seated before the magnetic field sensor 1402 can detect the magnetic element 1407. While a magnetic field sensor 1402 can be utilized to detect the presence of the shaft assembly 200, any suitable system of sensors and/or switches can be utilized to detect whether a shaft assembly has been assembled to the handle assembly 14, for example. In this way, further to the above, both the power circuits and the signal circuits to the connector 1400 can be powered down when a shaft assembly is not installed to the handle assembly 14 and powered up when a shaft assembly is installed to the handle assembly 14.

In various examples, as may be used throughout the present disclosure, any suitable magnetic field sensor may be employed to detect whether a shaft assembly has been assembled to the handle assembly 14, for example. For example, the technologies used for magnetic field sensing include Hall effect sensor, search coil, fluxgate, optically pumped, nuclear precession, SQUID, Hall-effect, anisotropic magnetoresistance, giant magnetoresistance, magnetic tunnel junctions, giant magnetoimpedance, magnetostrictive/piezoelectric composites, magnetodiode, magnetotransistor, fiber optic, magnetooptic, and microelectromechanical systems-based magnetic sensors, among others.

Referring to FIG. 19, the microcontroller 1500 may generally comprise a microprocessor (“processor”) and one or more memory units operationally coupled to the processor. By executing instruction code stored in the memory, the processor may control various components of the surgical instrument, such as the motor, various drive systems, and/or a user display, for example. The microcontroller 1500 may be implemented using integrated and/or discrete hardware elements, software elements, and/or a combination of both. Examples of integrated hardware elements may include processors, microprocessors, microcontrollers, integrated circuits, application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), programmable logic devices (PLD), digital signal processors (DSP), field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), logic gates, registers, semiconductor devices, chips, microchips, chip sets, microcontrollers, system-on-chip (SoC), and/or system-in-package (SIP). Examples of discrete hardware elements may include circuits and/or circuit elements such as logic gates, field effect transistors, bipolar transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and/or relays. In certain instances, the microcontroller 1500 may include a hybrid circuit comprising discrete and integrated circuit elements or components on one or more substrates, for example.

Referring to FIG. 19, the microcontroller 1500 may be an LM 4F230H5QR, available from Texas Instruments, for example. In certain instances, the Texas Instruments LM4F230H5QR is an ARM Cortex-M4F Processor Core comprising on-chip memory of 256 KB single-cycle flash memory, or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz, a prefetch buffer to improve performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single-cycle serial random access memory (SRAM), internal read-only memory (ROM) loaded with StellarisWare® software, 2 KB electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), one or more pulse width modulation (PWM) modules, one or more quadrature encoder inputs (QEI) analog, one or more 12-bit Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) with 12 analog input channels, among other features that are readily available. Other microcontrollers may be readily substituted for use with the present disclosure. Accordingly, the present disclosure should not be limited in this context.

As discussed above, the handle assembly 14 and/or the shaft assembly 200 can include systems and configurations configured to prevent, or at least reduce the possibility of, the contacts of the handle electrical connector 1400 and/or the contacts of the shaft electrical connector 1410 from becoming shorted out when the shaft assembly 200 is not assembled, or completely assembled, to the handle assembly 14. Referring to FIG. 3, the handle electrical connector 1400 can be at least partially recessed within a cavity 1409 defined in the handle frame 20. The six contacts 1401 a-1401 f of the electrical connector 1400 can be completely recessed within the cavity 1409. Such arrangements can reduce the possibility of an object accidentally contacting one or more of the contacts 1401 a-1401 f. Similarly, the shaft electrical connector 1410 can be positioned within a recess defined in the shaft chassis 240 which can reduce the possibility of an object accidentally contacting one or more of the contacts 1411 a-1411 f of the shaft electrical connector 1410. With regard to the particular example depicted in FIG. 3, the shaft contacts 1411 a-1411 f can comprise male contacts. In at least one example, each shaft contact 1411 a-1411 f can comprise a flexible projection extending therefrom which can be configured to engage a corresponding handle contact 1401 a-1401 f, for example. The handle contacts 1401 a-1401 f can comprise female contacts. In at least one example, each handle contact 1401 a-1401 f can comprise a flat surface, for example, against which the male shaft contacts 1401 a-1401 f can wipe, or slide, against and maintain an electrically conductive interface therebetween. In various instances, the direction in which the shaft assembly 200 is assembled to the handle assembly 14 can be parallel to, or at least substantially parallel to, the handle contacts 1401 a-1401 f such that the shaft contacts 1411 a-1411 f slide against the handle contacts 1401 a-1401 f when the shaft assembly 200 is assembled to the handle assembly 14. In various alternative examples, the handle contacts 1401 a-1401 f can comprise male contacts and the shaft contacts 1411 a-1411 f can comprise female contacts. In certain alternative examples, the handle contacts 1401 a-1401 f and the shaft contacts 1411 a-1411 f can comprise any suitable arrangement of contacts.

In various instances, the handle assembly 14 can comprise a connector guard configured to at least partially cover the handle electrical connector 1400 and/or a connector guard configured to at least partially cover the shaft electrical connector 1410. A connector guard can prevent, or at least reduce the possibility of, an object accidentally touching the contacts of an electrical connector when the shaft assembly is not assembled to, or only partially assembled to, the handle. A connector guard can be movable. For instance, the connector guard can be moved between a guarded position in which it at least partially guards a connector and an unguarded position in which it does not guard, or at least guards less of, the connector. In at least one example, a connector guard can be displaced as the shaft assembly is being assembled to the handle. For instance, if the handle comprises a handle connector guard, the shaft assembly can contact and displace the handle connector guard as the shaft assembly is being assembled to the handle. Similarly, if the shaft assembly comprises a shaft connector guard, the handle can contact and displace the shaft connector guard as the shaft assembly is being assembled to the handle. In various instances, a connector guard can comprise a door, for example. In at least one instance, the door can comprise a beveled surface which, when contacted by the handle or shaft, can facilitate the displacement of the door in a certain direction. In various instances, the connector guard can be translated and/or rotated, for example. In certain instances, a connector guard can comprise at least one film which covers the contacts of an electrical connector. When the shaft assembly is assembled to the handle, the film can become ruptured. In at least one instance, the male contacts of a connector can penetrate the film before engaging the corresponding contacts positioned underneath the film.

As described above, the surgical instrument can include a system which can selectively power-up, or activate, the contacts of an electrical connector, such as the electrical connector 1400, for example. In various instances, the contacts can be transitioned between an unactivated condition and an activated condition. In certain instances, the contacts can be transitioned between a monitored condition, a deactivated condition, and an activated condition. For instance, the microcontroller 1500, for example, can monitor the contacts 1401 a-1401 f when a shaft assembly has not been assembled to the handle assembly 14 to determine whether one or more of the contacts 1401 a-1401 f may have been shorted. The microcontroller 1500 can be configured to apply a low voltage potential to each of the contacts 1401 a-1401 f and assess whether only a minimal resistance is present at each of the contacts. Such an operating state can comprise the monitored condition. In the event that the resistance detected at a contact is high, or above a threshold resistance, the microcontroller 1500 can deactivate that contact, more than one contact, or, alternatively, all of the contacts. Such an operating state can comprise the deactivated condition. If a shaft assembly is assembled to the handle assembly 14 and it is detected by the microcontroller 1500, as discussed above, the microcontroller 1500 can increase the voltage potential to the contacts 1401 a-1401 f. Such an operating state can comprise the activated condition.

The various shaft assemblies disclosed herein may employ sensors and various other components that require electrical communication with the controller in the housing. These shaft assemblies generally are configured to be able to rotate relative to the housing necessitating a connection that facilitates such electrical communication between two or more components that may rotate relative to each other. When employing end effectors of the types disclosed herein, the connector arrangements must be relatively robust in nature while also being somewhat compact to fit into the shaft assembly connector portion.

Referring to FIG. 20, a non-limiting form of the end effector 300 is illustrated. As described above, the end effector 300 may include the anvil 306 and the staple cartridge 304. In this non-limiting example, the anvil 306 is coupled to an elongate channel 198. For example, apertures 199 can be defined in the elongate channel 198 which can receive pins 152 extending from the anvil 306 and allow the anvil 306 to pivot from an open position to a closed position relative to the elongate channel 198 and staple cartridge 304. In addition, FIG. 20 shows a firing bar 172, configured to longitudinally translate into the end effector 300. The firing bar 172 may be constructed from one solid section, or in various examples, may include a laminate material comprising, for example, a stack of steel plates. A distally projecting end of the firing bar 172 can be attached to an E-beam 178 that can, among other things, assist in spacing the anvil 306 from a staple cartridge 304 positioned in the elongate channel 198 when the anvil 306 is in a closed position. The E-beam 178 can also include a sharpened cutting edge 182 which can be used to sever tissue as the E-beam 178 is advanced distally by the firing bar 172. In operation, the E-beam 178 can also actuate, or fire, the staple cartridge 304. The staple cartridge 304 can include a molded cartridge body 194 that holds a plurality of staples 191 resting upon staple drivers 192 within respective upwardly open staple cavities 195. A wedge sled 190 is driven distally by the E-beam 178, sliding upon a cartridge tray 196 that holds together the various components of the replaceable staple cartridge 304. The wedge sled 190 upwardly cams the staple drivers 192 to force out the staples 191 into deforming contact with the anvil 306 while a cutting surface 182 of the E-beam 178 severs clamped tissue.

Further to the above, the E-beam 178 can include upper pins 180 which engage the anvil 306 during firing. The E-beam 178 can further include middle pins 184 and a bottom foot 186 which can engage various portions of the cartridge body 194, cartridge tray 196 and elongate channel 198. When a staple cartridge 304 is positioned within the elongate channel 198, a slot 193 defined in the cartridge body 194 can be aligned with a slot 197 defined in the cartridge tray 196 and a slot 189 defined in the elongate channel 198. In use, the E-beam 178 can slide through the aligned slots 193, 197, and 189 wherein, as indicated in FIG. 20, the bottom foot 186 of the E-beam 178 can engage a groove running along the bottom surface of channel 198 along the length of slot 189, the middle pins 184 can engage the top surfaces of cartridge tray 196 along the length of longitudinal slot 197, and the upper pins 180 can engage the anvil 306. In such circumstances, the E-beam 178 can space, or limit the relative movement between, the anvil 306 and the staple cartridge 304 as the firing bar 172 is moved distally to fire the staples from the staple cartridge 304 and/or incise the tissue captured between the anvil 306 and the staple cartridge 304. Thereafter, the firing bar 172 and the E-beam 178 can be retracted proximally allowing the anvil 306 to be opened to release the two stapled and severed tissue portions (not shown).

Having described a surgical instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4) in general terms, the description now turns to a detailed description of various electrical/electronic components of the surgical instrument 10. Turning now to FIGS. 21A-21B, where one example of a segmented circuit 2000 comprising a plurality of circuit segments 2002 a-2002 g is illustrated. The segmented circuit 2000 comprising the plurality of circuit segments 2002 a-2002 g is configured to control a powered surgical instrument, such as, for example, the surgical instrument 10 illustrated in FIGS. 1-18A, without limitation. The plurality of circuit segments 2002 a-2002 g is configured to control one or more operations of the powered surgical instrument 10. A safety processor segment 2002 a (Segment 1) comprises a safety processor 2004. A primary processor segment 2002 b (Segment 2) comprises a primary processor 2006. The safety processor 2004 and/or the primary processor 2006 are configured to interact with one or more additional circuit segments 2002 c-2002 g to control operation of the powered surgical instrument 10. The primary processor 2006 comprises a plurality of inputs coupled to, for example, one or more circuit segments 2002 c-2002 g, a battery 2008, and/or a plurality of switches 2058 a-2070. The segmented circuit 2000 may be implemented by any suitable circuit, such as, for example, a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) within the powered surgical instrument 10. It should be understood that the term processor as used herein includes any microprocessor, microcontroller, or other basic computing device that incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on an integrated circuit or at most a few integrated circuits. The processor is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. It is an example of sequential digital logic, as it has internal memory. Processors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system.

In one aspect, the main processor 2006 may be any single core or multicore processor such as those known under the trade name ARM Cortex by Texas Instruments. In one example, the safety processor 2004 may be a safety microcontroller platform comprising two microcontroller-based families such as TMS570 and RM4x known under the trade name Hercules ARM Cortex R4, also by Texas Instruments. Nevertheless, other suitable substitutes for microcontrollers and safety processor may be employed, without limitation. In one example, the safety processor 2004 may be configured specifically for IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 safety critical applications, among others, to provide advanced integrated safety features while delivering scalable performance, connectivity, and memory options.

In certain instances, the main processor 2006 may be an LM 4F230H5QR, available from Texas Instruments, for example. In at least one example, the Texas Instruments LM4F230H5QR is an ARM Cortex-M4F Processor Core comprising on-chip memory of 256 KB single-cycle flash memory, or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz, a prefetch buffer to improve performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single-cycle SRAM, internal ROM loaded with StellarisWare® software, 2 KB EEPROM, one or more PWM modules, one or more QEI analog, one or more 12-bit ADC with 12 analog input channels, among other features that are readily available for the product datasheet. Other processors may be readily substituted and, accordingly, the present disclosure should not be limited in this context.

In one aspect, the segmented circuit 2000 comprises an acceleration segment 2002 c (Segment 3). The acceleration segment 2002 c comprises an acceleration sensor 2022. The acceleration sensor 2022 may comprise, for example, an accelerometer. The acceleration sensor 2022 is configured to detect movement or acceleration of the powered surgical instrument 10. In some examples, input from the acceleration sensor 2022 is used, for example, to transition to and from a sleep mode, identify an orientation of the powered surgical instrument, and/or identify when the surgical instrument has been dropped. In some examples, the acceleration segment 2002 c is coupled to the safety processor 2004 and/or the primary processor 2006.

In one aspect, the segmented circuit 2000 comprises a display segment 2002 d (Segment 4). The display segment 2002 d comprises a display connector 2024 coupled to the primary processor 2006. The display connector 2024 couples the primary processor 2006 to a display 2028 through one or more display driver integrated circuits 2026. The display driver integrated circuits 2026 may be integrated with the display 2028 and/or may be located separately from the display 2028. The display 2028 may comprise any suitable display, such as, for example, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display, a liquid-crystal display (LCD), and/or any other suitable display. In some examples, the display segment 2002 d is coupled to the safety processor 2004.

In some aspects, the segmented circuit 2000 comprises a shaft segment 2002 e (Segment 5). The shaft segment 2002 e comprises one or more controls for a shaft 2004 coupled to the surgical instrument 10 and/or one or more controls for an end effector 2006 coupled to the shaft 2004. The shaft segment 2002 e comprises a shaft connector 2030 configured to couple the primary processor 2006 to a shaft PCBA 2031. The shaft PCBA 2031 comprises a first articulation switch 2036, a second articulation switch 2032, and a shaft PCBA EEPROM 2034. In some examples, the shaft PCBA EEPROM 2034 comprises one or more parameters, routines, and/or programs specific to the shaft 2004 and/or the shaft PCBA 2031. The shaft PCBA 2031 may be coupled to the shaft 2004 and/or integral with the surgical instrument 10. In some examples, the shaft segment 2002 e comprises a second shaft EEPROM 2038. The second shaft EEPROM 2038 comprises a plurality of algorithms, routines, parameters, and/or other data corresponding to one or more shafts 2004 and/or end effectors 2006 which may be interfaced with the powered surgical instrument 10.

In some aspects, the segmented circuit 2000 comprises a position encoder segment 2002 f (Segment 6). The position encoder segment 2002 f comprises one or more magnetic rotary position encoders 2040 a-2040 b. The one or more magnetic rotary position encoders 2040 a-2040 b are configured to identify the rotational position of a motor 2048, a shaft 2004, and/or an end effector 2006 of the surgical instrument 10. In some examples, the magnetic rotary position encoders 2040 a-2040 b may be coupled to the safety processor 2004 and/or the primary processor 2006.

In some aspects, the segmented circuit 2000 comprises a motor segment 2002 g (Segment 7). The motor segment 2002 g comprises a motor 2048 configured to control one or more movements of the powered surgical instrument 10. The motor 2048 is coupled to the primary processor 2006 by an H-Bridge driver 2042 and one or more H-bridge field-effect transistors (FETs) 2044. The H-bridge FETs 2044 are coupled to the safety processor 2004. A motor current sensor 2046 is coupled in series with the motor 2048 to measure the current draw of the motor 2048. The motor current sensor 2046 is in signal communication with the primary processor 2006 and/or the safety processor 2004. In some examples, the motor 2048 is coupled to a motor electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter 2050.

In some aspects, the segmented circuit 2000 comprises a power segment 2002 h (Segment 8). A battery 2008 is coupled to the safety processor 2004, the primary processor 2006, and one or more of the additional circuit segments 2002 c-2002 g. The battery 2008 is coupled to the segmented circuit 2000 by a battery connector 2010 and a current sensor 2012. The current sensor 2012 is configured to measure the total current draw of the segmented circuit 2000. In some examples, one or more voltage converters 2014 a, 2014 b, 2016 are configured to provide predetermined voltage values to one or more circuit segments 2002 a-2002 g. For example, in some examples, the segmented circuit 2000 may comprise 3.3V voltage converters 2014 a-2014 b and/or 5V voltage converters 2016. A boost converter 2018 is configured to provide a boost voltage up to a predetermined amount, such as, for example, up to 13V. The boost converter 2018 is configured to provide additional voltage and/or current during power intensive operations and prevent brownout or low-power conditions.

In some aspects, the safety segment 2002 a comprises a motor power interrupt 2020. The motor power interrupt 2020 is coupled between the power segment 2002 h and the motor segment 2002 g. The safety segment 2002 a is configured to interrupt power to the motor segment 2002 g when an error or fault condition is detected by the safety processor 2004 and/or the primary processor 2006 as discussed in more detail herein. Although the circuit segments 2002 a-2002 g are illustrated with all components of the circuit segments 2002 a-2002 h located in physical proximity, one skilled in the art will recognize that a circuit segment 2002 a-2002 h may comprise components physically and/or electrically separate from other components of the same circuit segment 2002 a-2002 g. In some examples, one or more components may be shared between two or more circuit segments 2002 a-2002 g.

In some aspects, a plurality of switches 2056-2070 are coupled to the safety processor 2004 and/or the primary processor 2006. The plurality of switches 2056-2070 may be configured to control one or more operations of the surgical instrument 10, control one or more operations of the segmented circuit 2000, and/or indicate a status of the surgical instrument 10. For example, a bail-out door switch 2056 is configured to indicate the status of a bail-out door. A plurality of articulation switches, such as, for example, a left side articulation left switch 2058 a, a left side articulation right switch 2060 a, a left side articulation center switch 2062 a, a right side articulation left switch 2058 b, a right side articulation right switch 2060 b, and a right side articulation center switch 2062 b are configured to control articulation of a shaft 2004 and/or an end effector 2006. A left side reverse switch 2064 a and a right side reverse switch 2064 b are coupled to the primary processor 2006. In some examples, the left side switches comprising the left side articulation left switch 2058 a, the left side articulation right switch 2060 a, the left side articulation center switch 2062 a, and the left side reverse switch 2064 a are coupled to the primary processor 2006 by a left flex connector 2072 a. The right side switches comprising the right side articulation left switch 2058 b, the right side articulation right switch 2060 b, the right side articulation center switch 2062 b, and the right side reverse switch 2064 b are coupled to the primary processor 2006 by a right flex connector 2072 b. In some examples, a firing switch 2066, a clamp release switch 2068, and a shaft engaged switch 2070 are coupled to the primary processor 2006.

In some aspects, the plurality of switches 2056-2070 may comprise, for example, a plurality of handle controls mounted to a handle of the surgical instrument 10, a plurality of indicator switches, and/or any combination thereof. In various examples, the plurality of switches 2056-2070 allow a surgeon to manipulate the surgical instrument, provide feedback to the segmented circuit 2000 regarding the position and/or operation of the surgical instrument, and/or indicate unsafe operation of the surgical instrument 10. In some examples, additional or fewer switches may be coupled to the segmented circuit 2000, one or more of the switches 2056-2070 may be combined into a single switch, and/or expanded to multiple switches. For example, in one example, one or more of the left side and/or right side articulation switches 2058 a-2064 b may be combined into a single multi-position switch.

In one aspect, the safety processor 2004 is configured to implement a watchdog function, among other safety operations. The safety processor 2004 and the primary processor 2006 of the segmented circuit 2000 are in signal communication. A microprocessor alive heartbeat signal is provided at output 2096. The acceleration segment 2002 c comprises an accelerometer 2022 configured to monitor movement of the surgical instrument 10. In various examples, the accelerometer 2022 may be a single, double, or triple axis accelerometer. The accelerometer 2022 may be employed to measures proper acceleration that is not necessarily the coordinate acceleration (rate of change of velocity). Instead, the accelerometer sees the acceleration associated with the phenomenon of weight experienced by a test mass at rest in the frame of reference of the accelerometer 2022. For example, the accelerometer 2022 at rest on the surface of the earth will measure an acceleration g=9.8 m/s² (gravity) straight upwards, due to its weight. Another type of acceleration that accelerometer 2022 can measure is g-force acceleration. In various other examples, the accelerometer 2022 may comprise a single, double, or triple axis accelerometer. Further, the acceleration segment 2002 c may comprise one or more inertial sensors to detect and measure acceleration, tilt, shock, vibration, rotation, and multiple degrees-of-freedom (DoF). A suitable inertial sensor may comprise an accelerometer (single, double, or triple axis), a magnetometer to measure a magnetic field in space such as the earth's magnetic field, and/or a gyroscope to measure angular velocity.

In one aspect, the safety processor 2004 is configured to implement a watchdog function with respect to one or more circuit segments 2002 c-2002 h, such as, for example, the motor segment 2002 g. In this regards, the safety processor 2004 employs the watchdog function to detect and recover from malfunctions of the primary processor 2006. During normal operation, the safety processor 2004 monitors for hardware faults or program errors of the primary processor 2004 and to initiate corrective action or actions. The corrective actions may include placing the primary processor 2006 in a safe state and restoring normal system operation. In one example, the safety processor 2004 is coupled to at least a first sensor. The first sensor measures a first property of the surgical instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4). In some examples, the safety processor 2004 is configured to compare the measured property of the surgical instrument 10 to a predetermined value. For example, in one example, a motor sensor 2040 a is coupled to the safety processor 2004. The motor sensor 2040 a provides motor speed and position information to the safety processor 2004. The safety processor 2004 monitors the motor sensor 2040 a and compares the value to a maximum speed and/or position value and prevents operation of the motor 2048 above the predetermined values. In some examples, the predetermined values are calculated based on real-time speed and/or position of the motor 2048, calculated from values supplied by a second motor sensor 2040 b in communication with the primary processor 2006, and/or provided to the safety processor 2004 from, for example, a memory module coupled to the safety processor 2004.

In some aspects, a second sensor is coupled to the primary processor 2006. The second sensor is configured to measure the first physical property. The safety processor 2004 and the primary processor 2006 are configured to provide a signal indicative of the value of the first sensor and the second sensor respectively. When either the safety processor 2004 or the primary processor 2006 indicates a value outside of an acceptable range, the segmented circuit 2000 prevents operation of at least one of the circuit segments 2002 c-2002 h, such as, for example, the motor segment 2002 g. For example, in the example illustrated in FIGS. 21A-21B, the safety processor 2004 is coupled to a first motor position sensor 2040 a and the primary processor 2006 is coupled to a second motor position sensor 2040 b. The motor position sensors 2040 a, 2040 b may comprise any suitable motor position sensor, such as, for example, a magnetic angle rotary input comprising a sine and cosine output. The motor position sensors 2040 a, 2040 b provide respective signals to the safety processor 2004 and the primary processor 2006 indicative of the position of the motor 2048.

The safety processor 2004 and the primary processor 2006 generate an activation signal when the values of the first motor sensor 2040 a and the second motor sensor 2040 b are within a predetermined range. When either the primary processor 2006 or the safety processor 2004 to detect a value outside of the predetermined range, the activation signal is terminated and operation of at least one circuit segment 2002 c-2002 h, such as, for example, the motor segment 2002 g, is interrupted and/or prevented. For example, in some examples, the activation signal from the primary processor 2006 and the activation signal from the safety processor 2004 are coupled to an AND gate. The AND gate is coupled to a motor power switch 2020. The AND gate maintains the motor power switch 2020 in a closed, or on, position when the activation signal from both the safety processor 2004 and the primary processor 2006 are high, indicating a value of the motor sensors 2040 a, 2040 b within the predetermined range. When either of the motor sensors 2040 a, 2040 b detect a value outside of the predetermined range, the activation signal from that motor sensor 2040 a, 2040 b is set low, and the output of the AND gate is set low, opening the motor power switch 2020. In some examples, the value of the first sensor 2040 a and the second sensor 2040 b is compared, for example, by the safety processor 2004 and/or the primary processor 2006. When the values of the first sensor and the second sensor are different, the safety processor 2004 and/or the primary processor 2006 may prevent operation of the motor segment 2002 g.

In some aspects, the safety processor 2004 receives a signal indicative of the value of the second sensor 2040 b and compares the second sensor value to the first sensor value. For example, in one aspect, the safety processor 2004 is coupled directly to a first motor sensor 2040 a. A second motor sensor 2040 b is coupled to a primary processor 2006, which provides the second motor sensor 2040 b value to the safety processor 2004, and/or coupled directly to the safety processor 2004. The safety processor 2004 compares the value of the first motor sensor 2040 to the value of the second motor sensor 2040 b. When the safety processor 2004 detects a mismatch between the first motor sensor 2040 a and the second motor sensor 2040 b, the safety processor 2004 may interrupt operation of the motor segment 2002 g, for example, by cutting power to the motor segment 2002 g.

In some aspects, the safety processor 2004 and/or the primary processor 2006 is coupled to a first sensor 2040 a configured to measure a first property of a surgical instrument and a second sensor 2040 b configured to measure a second property of the surgical instrument. The first property and the second property comprise a predetermined relationship when the surgical instrument is operating normally. The safety processor 2004 monitors the first property and the second property. When a value of the first property and/or the second property inconsistent with the predetermined relationship is detected, a fault occurs. When a fault occurs, the safety processor 2004 takes at least one action, such as, for example, preventing operation of at least one of the circuit segments, executing a predetermined operation, and/or resetting the primary processor 2006. For example, the safety processor 2004 may open the motor power switch 2020 to cut power to the motor circuit segment 2002 g when a fault is detected.

In one aspect, the safety processor 2004 is configured to execute an independent control algorithm. In operation, the safety processor 2004 monitors the segmented circuit 2000 and is configured to control and/or override signals from other circuit components, such as, for example, the primary processor 2006, independently. The safety processor 2004 may execute a preprogrammed algorithm and/or may be updated or programmed on the fly during operation based on one or more actions and/or positions of the surgical instrument 10. For example, in one example, the safety processor 2004 is reprogrammed with new parameters and/or safety algorithms each time a new shaft and/or end effector is coupled to the surgical instrument 10. In some examples, one or more safety values stored by the safety processor 2004 are duplicated by the primary processor 2006. Two-way error detection is performed to ensure values and/or parameters stored by either of the processors 2004, 2006 are correct.

In some aspects, the safety processor 2004 and the primary processor 2006 implement a redundant safety check. The safety processor 2004 and the primary processor 2006 provide periodic signals indicating normal operation. For example, during operation, the safety processor 2004 may indicate to the primary processor 2006 that the safety processor 2004 is executing code and operating normally. The primary processor 2006 may, likewise, indicate to the safety processor 2004 that the primary processor 2006 is executing code and operating normally. In some examples, communication between the safety processor 2004 and the primary processor 2006 occurs at a predetermined interval. The predetermined interval may be constant or may be variable based on the circuit state and/or operation of the surgical instrument 10.

FIG. 22 illustrates one example of a power assembly 2100 comprising a usage cycle circuit 2102 configured to monitor a usage cycle count of the power assembly 2100. The power assembly 2100 may be coupled to a surgical instrument 2110. The usage cycle circuit 2102 comprises a processor 2104 and a use indicator 2106. The use indicator 2106 is configured to provide a signal to the processor 2104 to indicate a use of the battery back 2100 and/or a surgical instrument 2110 coupled to the power assembly 2100. A “use” may comprise any suitable action, condition, and/or parameter such as, for example, changing a modular component of a surgical instrument 2110, deploying or firing a disposable component coupled to the surgical instrument 2110, delivering electrosurgical energy from the surgical instrument 2110, reconditioning the surgical instrument 2110 and/or the power assembly 2100, exchanging the power assembly 2100, recharging the power assembly 2100, and/or exceeding a safety limitation of the surgical instrument 2110 and/or the battery back 2100.

In some instances, a usage cycle, or use, is defined by one or more power assembly 2100 parameters. For example, in one instance, a usage cycle comprises using more than 5% of the total energy available from the power assembly 2100 when the power assembly 2100 is at a full charge level. In another instance, a usage cycle comprises a continuous energy drain from the power assembly 2100 exceeding a predetermined time limit. For example, a usage cycle may correspond to five minutes of continuous and/or total energy draw from the power assembly 2100. In some instances, the power assembly 2100 comprises a usage cycle circuit 2102 having a continuous power draw to maintain one or more components of the usage cycle circuit 2102, such as, for example, the use indicator 2106 and/or a counter 2108, in an active state.

The processor 2104 maintains a usage cycle count. The usage cycle count indicates the number of uses detected by the use indicator 2106 for the power assembly 2100 and/or the surgical instrument 2110. The processor 2104 may increment and/or decrement the usage cycle count based on input from the use indicator 2106. The usage cycle count is used to control one or more operations of the power assembly 2100 and/or the surgical instrument 2110. For example, in some instances, a power assembly 2100 is disabled when the usage cycle count exceeds a predetermined usage limit Although the instances discussed herein are discussed with respect to incrementing the usage cycle count above a predetermined usage limit, those skilled in the art will recognize that the usage cycle count may start at a predetermined amount and may be decremented by the processor 2104. In this instance, the processor 2104 initiates and/or prevents one or more operations of the power assembly 2100 when the usage cycle count falls below a predetermined usage limit.

The usage cycle count is maintained by a counter 2108. The counter 2108 comprises any suitable circuit, such as, for example, a memory module, an analog counter, and/or any circuit configured to maintain a usage cycle count. In some instances, the counter 2108 is formed integrally with the processor 2104. In other instances, the counter 2108 comprises a separate component, such as, for example, a solid state memory module. In some instances, the usage cycle count is provided to a remote system, such as, for example, a central database. The usage cycle count is transmitted by a communications module 2112 to the remote system. The communications module 2112 is configured to use any suitable communications medium, such as, for example, wired and/or wireless communication. In some instances, the communications module 2112 is configured to receive one or more instructions from the remote system, such as, for example, a control signal when the usage cycle count exceeds the predetermined usage limit.

In some instances, the use indicator 2106 is configured to monitor the number of modular components used with a surgical instrument 2110 coupled to the power assembly 2100. A modular component may comprise, for example, a modular shaft, a modular end effector, and/or any other modular component. In some instances, the use indicator 2106 monitors the use of one or more disposable components, such as, for example, insertion and/or deployment of a staple cartridge within an end effector coupled to the surgical instrument 2110. The use indicator 2106 comprises one or more sensors for detecting the exchange of one or more modular and/or disposable components of the surgical instrument 2110.

In some instances, the use indicator 2106 is configured to monitor single patient surgical procedures performed while the power assembly 2100 is installed. For example, the use indicator 2106 may be configured to monitor firings of the surgical instrument 2110 while the power assembly 2100 is coupled to the surgical instrument 2110. A firing may correspond to deployment of a staple cartridge, application of electrosurgical energy, and/or any other suitable surgical event. The use indicator 2106 may comprise one or more circuits for measuring the number of firings while the power assembly 2100 is installed. The use indicator 2106 provides a signal to the processor 2104 when a single patient procedure is performed and the processor 2104 increments the usage cycle count.

In some instances, the use indicator 2106 comprises a circuit configured to monitor one or more parameters of the power source 2114, such as, for example, a current draw from the power source 2114. The one or more parameters of the power source 2114 correspond to one or more operations performable by the surgical instrument 2110, such as, for example, a cutting and sealing operation. The use indicator 2106 provides the one or more parameters to the processor 2104, which increments the usage cycle count when the one or more parameters indicate that a procedure has been performed.

In some instances, the use indicator 2106 comprises a timing circuit configured to increment a usage cycle count after a predetermined time period. The predetermined time period corresponds to a single patient procedure time, which is the time required for an operator to perform a procedure, such as, for example, a cutting and sealing procedure. When the power assembly 2100 is coupled to the surgical instrument 2110, the processor 2104 polls the use indicator 2106 to determine when the single patient procedure time has expired. When the predetermined time period has elapsed, the processor 2104 increments the usage cycle count. After incrementing the usage cycle count, the processor 2104 resets the timing circuit of the use indicator 2106.

In some instances, the use indicator 2106 comprises a time constant that approximates the single patient procedure time. In one example, the usage cycle circuit 2102 comprises a resistor-capacitor (RC) timing circuit 2506. The RC timing circuit comprises a time constant defined by a resistor-capacitor pair. The time constant is defined by the values of the resistor and the capacitor. In one example, the usage cycle circuit 2552 comprises a rechargeable battery and a clock. When the power assembly 2100 is installed in a surgical instrument, the rechargeable battery is charged by the power source. The rechargeable battery comprises enough power to run the clock for at least the single patient procedure time. The clock may comprise a real time clock, a processor configured to implement a time function, or any other suitable timing circuit.

Referring still to FIG. 22, in some instances, the use indicator 2106 comprises a sensor configured to monitor one or more environmental conditions experienced by the power assembly 2100. For example, the use indicator 2106 may comprise an accelerometer. The accelerometer is configured to monitor acceleration of the power assembly 2100. The power assembly 2100 comprises a maximum acceleration tolerance. Acceleration above a predetermined threshold indicates, for example, that the power assembly 2100 has been dropped. When the use indicator 2106 detects acceleration above the maximum acceleration tolerance, the processor 2104 increments a usage cycle count. In some instances, the use indicator 2106 comprises a moisture sensor. The moisture sensor is configured to indicate when the power assembly 2100 has been exposed to moisture. The moisture sensor may comprise, for example, an immersion sensor configured to indicate when the power assembly 2100 has been fully immersed in a cleaning fluid, a moisture sensor configured to indicate when moisture is in contact with the power assembly 2100 during use, and/or any other suitable moisture sensor.

In some instances, the use indicator 2106 comprises a chemical exposure sensor. The chemical exposure sensor is configured to indicate when the power assembly 2100 has come into contact with harmful and/or dangerous chemicals. For example, during a sterilization procedure, an inappropriate chemical may be used that leads to degradation of the power assembly 2100. The processor 2104 increments the usage cycle count when the use indicator 2106 detects an inappropriate chemical.

In some instances, the usage cycle circuit 2102 is configured to monitor the number of reconditioning cycles experienced by the power assembly 2100. A reconditioning cycle may comprise, for example, a cleaning cycle, a sterilization cycle, a charging cycle, routine and/or preventative maintenance, and/or any other suitable reconditioning cycle. The use indicator 2106 is configured to detect a reconditioning cycle. For example, the use indicator 2106 may comprise a moisture sensor to detect a cleaning and/or sterilization cycle. In some instances, the usage cycle circuit 2102 monitors the number of reconditioning cycles experienced by the power assembly 2100 and disables the power assembly 2100 after the number of reconditioning cycles exceeds a predetermined threshold.

The usage cycle circuit 2102 may be configured to monitor the number of power assembly 2100 exchanges. The usage cycle circuit 2102 increments the usage cycle count each time the power assembly 2100 is exchanged. When the maximum number of exchanges is exceeded the usage cycle circuit 2102 locks out the power assembly 2100 and/or the surgical instrument 2110. In some instances, when the power assembly 2100 is coupled the surgical instrument 2110, the usage cycle circuit 2102 identifies the serial number of the power assembly 2100 and locks the power assembly 2100 such that the power assembly 2100 is usable only with the surgical instrument 2110. In some instances, the usage cycle circuit 2102 increments the usage cycle each time the power assembly 2100 is removed from and/or coupled to the surgical instrument 2110.

In some instances, the usage cycle count corresponds to sterilization of the power assembly 2100. The use indicator 2106 comprises a sensor configured to detect one or more parameters of a sterilization cycle, such as, for example, a temperature parameter, a chemical parameter, a moisture parameter, and/or any other suitable parameter. The processor 2104 increments the usage cycle count when a sterilization parameter is detected. The usage cycle circuit 2102 disables the power assembly 2100 after a predetermined number of sterilizations. In some instances, the usage cycle circuit 2102 is reset during a sterilization cycle, a voltage sensor to detect a recharge cycle, and/or any suitable sensor. The processor 2104 increments the usage cycle count when a reconditioning cycle is detected. The usage cycle circuit 2102 is disabled when a sterilization cycle is detected. The usage cycle circuit 2102 is reactivated and/or reset when the power assembly 2100 is coupled to the surgical instrument 2110. In some instances, the use indicator comprises a zero power indicator. The zero power indicator changes state during a sterilization cycle and is checked by the processor 2104 when the power assembly 2100 is coupled to a surgical instrument 2110. When the zero power indicator indicates that a sterilization cycle has occurred, the processor 2104 increments the usage cycle count.

A counter 2108 maintains the usage cycle count. In some instances, the counter 2108 comprises a non-volatile memory module. The processor 2104 increments the usage cycle count stored in the non-volatile memory module each time a usage cycle is detected. The memory module may be accessed by the processor 2104 and/or a control circuit, such as, for example, the control circuit 200. When the usage cycle count exceeds a predetermined threshold, the processor 2104 disables the power assembly 2100. In some instances, the usage cycle count is maintained by a plurality of circuit components. For example, in one instance, the counter 2108 comprises a resistor (or fuse) pack. After each use of the power assembly 2100, a resistor (or fuse) is burned to an open position, changing the resistance of the resistor pack. The power assembly 2100 and/or the surgical instrument 2110 reads the remaining resistance. When the last resistor of the resistor pack is burned out, the resistor pack has a predetermined resistance, such as, for example, an infinite resistance corresponding to an open circuit, which indicates that the power assembly 2100 has reached its usage limit. In some instances, the resistance of the resistor pack is used to derive the number of uses remaining.

In some instances, the usage cycle circuit 2102 prevents further use of the power assembly 2100 and/or the surgical instrument 2110 when the usage cycle count exceeds a predetermined usage limit. In one instance, the usage cycle count associated with the power assembly 2100 is provided to an operator, for example, utilizing a screen formed integrally with the surgical instrument 2110. The surgical instrument 2110 provides an indication to the operator that the usage cycle count has exceeded a predetermined limit for the power assembly 2100, and prevents further operation of the surgical instrument 2110.

In some instances, the usage cycle circuit 2102 is configured to physically prevent operation when the predetermined usage limit is reached. For example, the power assembly 2100 may comprise a shield configured to deploy over contacts of the power assembly 2100 when the usage cycle count exceeds the predetermined usage limit. The shield prevents recharge and use of the power assembly 2100 by covering the electrical connections of the power assembly 2100.

In some instances, the usage cycle circuit 2102 is located at least partially within the surgical instrument 2110 and is configured to maintain a usage cycle count for the surgical instrument 2110. FIG. 22 illustrates one or more components of the usage cycle circuit 2102 within the surgical instrument 2110 in phantom, illustrating the alternative positioning of the usage cycle circuit 2102. When a predetermined usage limit of the surgical instrument 2110 is exceeded, the usage cycle circuit 2102 disables and/or prevents operation of the surgical instrument 2110. The usage cycle count is incremented by the usage cycle circuit 2102 when the use indicator 2106 detects a specific event and/or requirement, such as, for example, firing of the surgical instrument 2110, a predetermined time period corresponding to a single patient procedure time, based on one or more motor parameters of the surgical instrument 2110, in response to a system diagnostic indicating that one or more predetermined thresholds are met, and/or any other suitable requirement. As discussed above, in some instances, the use indicator 2106 comprises a timing circuit corresponding to a single patient procedure time. In other instances, the use indicator 2106 comprises one or more sensors configured to detect a specific event and/or condition of the surgical instrument 2110.

In some instances, the usage cycle circuit 2102 is configured to prevent operation of the surgical instrument 2110 after the predetermined usage limit is reached. In some instances, the surgical instrument 2110 comprises a visible indicator to indicate when the predetermined usage limit has been reached and/or exceeded. For example, a flag, such as a red flag, may pop-up from the surgical instrument 2110, such as from the handle, to provide a visual indication to the operator that the surgical instrument 2110 has exceeded the predetermined usage limit. As another example, the usage cycle circuit 2102 may be coupled to a display formed integrally with the surgical instrument 2110. The usage cycle circuit 2102 displays a message indicating that the predetermined usage limit has been exceeded. The surgical instrument 2110 may provide an audible indication to the operator that the predetermined usage limit has been exceeded. For example, in one instance, the surgical instrument 2110 emits an audible tone when the predetermined usage limit is exceeded and the power assembly 2100 is removed from the surgical instrument 2110. The audible tone indicates the last use of the surgical instrument 2110 and indicates that the surgical instrument 2110 should be disposed or reconditioned.

In some instances, the usage cycle circuit 2102 is configured to transmit the usage cycle count of the surgical instrument 2110 to a remote location, such as, for example, a central database. The usage cycle circuit 2102 comprises a communications module 2112 configured to transmit the usage cycle count to the remote location. The communications module 2112 may utilize any suitable communications system, such as, for example, wired or wireless communications system. The remote location may comprise a central database configured to maintain usage information. In some instances, when the power assembly 2100 is coupled to the surgical instrument 2110, the power assembly 2100 records a serial number of the surgical instrument 2110. The serial number is transmitted to the central database, for example, when the power assembly 2100 is coupled to a charger. In some instances, the central database maintains a count corresponding to each use of the surgical instrument 2110. For example, a bar code associated with the surgical instrument 2110 may be scanned each time the surgical instrument 2110 is used. When the use count exceeds a predetermined usage limit, the central database provides a signal to the surgical instrument 2110 indicating that the surgical instrument 2110 should be discarded.

The surgical instrument 2110 may be configured to lock and/or prevent operation of the surgical instrument 2110 when the usage cycle count exceeds a predetermined usage limit. In some instances, the surgical instrument 2110 comprises a disposable instrument and is discarded after the usage cycle count exceeds the predetermined usage limit. In other instances, the surgical instrument 2110 comprises a reusable surgical instrument which may be reconditioned after the usage cycle count exceeds the predetermined usage limit. The surgical instrument 2110 initiates a reversible lockout after the predetermined usage limit is met. A technician reconditions the surgical instrument 2110 and releases the lockout, for example, utilizing a specialized technician key configured to reset the usage cycle circuit 2102.

In some aspects, the segmented circuit 2000 is configured for sequential start-up. An error check is performed by each circuit segment 2002 a-2002 g prior to energizing the next sequential circuit segment 2002 a-2002 g. FIG. 23 illustrates one example of a process for sequentially energizing a segmented circuit 2270, such as, for example, the segmented circuit 2000. When a battery 2008 is coupled to the segmented circuit 2000, the safety processor 2004 is energized 2272. The safety processor 2004 performs a self-error check 2274. When an error is detected 2276 a, the safety processor stops energizing the segmented circuit 2000 and generates an error code 2278 a. When no errors are detected 2276 b, the safety processor 2004 initiates 2278 b power-up of the primary processor 2006. The primary processor 2006 performs a self-error check. When no errors are detected, the primary processor 2006 begins sequential power-up of each of the remaining circuit segments 2278 b. Each circuit segment is energized and error checked by the primary processor 2006. When no errors are detected, the next circuit segment is energized 2278 b. When an error is detected, the safety processor 2004 and/or the primary process stops energizing the current segment and generates an error 2278 a. The sequential start-up continues until all of the circuit segments 2002 a-2002 g have been energized. In some examples, the segmented circuit 2000 transitions from sleep mode following a similar sequential power-up process 11250.

FIG. 24 illustrates one aspect of a power segment 2302 comprising a plurality of daisy chained power converters 2314, 2316, 2318. The power segment 2302 comprises a battery 2308. The battery 2308 is configured to provide a source voltage, such as, for example, 12V. A current sensor 2312 is coupled to the battery 2308 to monitor the current draw of a segmented circuit and/or one or more circuit segments. The current sensor 2312 is coupled to an FET switch 2313. The battery 2308 is coupled to one or more voltage converters 2309, 2314, 2316. An always on converter 2309 provides a constant voltage to one or more circuit components, such as, for example, a motion sensor 2322. The always on converter 2309 comprises, for example, a 3.3V converter. The always on converter 2309 may provide a constant voltage to additional circuit components, such as, for example, a safety processor (not shown). The battery 2308 is coupled to a boost converter 2318. The boost converter 2318 is configured to provide a boosted voltage above the voltage provided by the battery 2308. For example, in the illustrated example, the battery 2308 provides a voltage of 12V. The boost converter 2318 is configured to boost the voltage to 13V. The boost converter 2318 is configured to maintain a minimum voltage during operation of a surgical instrument, for example, the surgical instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4). Operation of a motor can result in the power provided to the primary processor 2306 dropping below a minimum threshold and creating a brownout or reset condition in the primary processor 2306. The boost converter 2318 ensures that sufficient power is available to the primary processor 2306 and/or other circuit components, such as the motor controller 2343, during operation of the surgical instrument 10. In some examples, the boost converter 2318 is coupled directly one or more circuit components, such as, for example, an OLED display 2388.

The boost converter 2318 is coupled to one or more step-down converters to provide voltages below the boosted voltage level. A first voltage converter 2316 is coupled to the boost converter 2318 and provides a first stepped-down voltage to one or more circuit components. In the illustrated example, the first voltage converter 2316 provides a voltage of 5V. The first voltage converter 2316 is coupled to a rotary position encoder 2340. A FET switch 2317 is coupled between the first voltage converter 2316 and the rotary position encoder 2340. The FET switch 2317 is controlled by the processor 2306. The processor 2306 opens the FET switch 2317 to deactivate the position encoder 2340, for example, during power intensive operations. The first voltage converter 2316 is coupled to a second voltage converter 2314 configured to provide a second stepped-down voltage. The second stepped-down voltage comprises, for example, 3.3V. The second voltage converter 2314 is coupled to a processor 2306. In some examples, the boost converter 2318, the first voltage converter 2316, and the second voltage converter 2314 are coupled in a daisy chain configuration. The daisy chain configuration allows the use of smaller, more efficient converters for generating voltage levels below the boosted voltage level. The examples, however, are not limited to the particular voltage range(s) described in the context of this specification.

FIG. 25 illustrates one aspect of a segmented circuit 2400 configured to maximize power available for critical and/or power intense functions. The segmented circuit 2400 comprises a battery 2408. The battery 2408 is configured to provide a source voltage such as, for example, 12V. The source voltage is provided to a plurality of voltage converters 2409, 2418. An always-on voltage converter 2409 provides a constant voltage to one or more circuit components, for example, a motion sensor 2422 and a safety processor 2404. The always-on voltage converter 2409 is directly coupled to the battery 2408. The always-on converter 2409 provides a voltage of 3.3V, for example. The examples, however, are not limited to the particular voltage range(s) described in the context of this specification.

The segmented circuit 2400 comprises a boost converter 2418. The boost converter 2418 provides a boosted voltage above the source voltage provided by the battery 2408, such as, for example, 13V. The boost converter 2418 provides a boosted voltage directly to one or more circuit components, such as, for example, an OLED display 2488 and a motor controller 2443. By coupling the OLED display 2488 directly to the boost converter 2418, the segmented circuit 2400 eliminates the need for a power converter dedicated to the OLED display 2488. The boost converter 2418 provides a boosted voltage to the motor controller 2443 and the motor 2448 during one or more power intensive operations of the motor 2448, such as, for example, a cutting operation. The boost converter 2418 is coupled to a step-down converter 2416. The step-down converter 2416 is configured to provide a voltage below the boosted voltage to one or more circuit components, such as, for example, 5V. The step-down converter 2416 is coupled to, for example, a FET switch 2451 and a position encoder 2440. The FET switch 2451 is coupled to the primary processor 2406. The primary processor 2406 opens the FET switch 2451 when transitioning the segmented circuit 2400 to sleep mode and/or during power intensive functions requiring additional voltage delivered to the motor 2448. Opening the FET switch 2451 deactivates the position encoder 2440 and eliminates the power draw of the position encoder 2440. The examples, however, are not limited to the particular voltage range(s) described in the context of this specification.

The step-down converter 2416 is coupled to a linear converter 2414. The linear converter 2414 is configured to provide a voltage of, for example, 3.3V. The linear converter 2414 is coupled to the primary processor 2406. The linear converter 2414 provides an operating voltage to the primary processor 2406. The linear converter 2414 may be coupled to one or more additional circuit components. The examples, however, are not limited to the particular voltage range(s) described in the context of this specification.

The segmented circuit 2400 comprises a bailout switch 2456. The bailout switch 2456 is coupled to a bailout door on the surgical instrument 10. The bailout switch 2456 and the safety processor 2404 are coupled to an AND gate 2419. The AND gate 2419 provides an input to a FET switch 2413. When the bailout switch 2456 detects a bailout condition, the bailout switch 2456 provides a bailout shutdown signal to the AND gate 2419. When the safety processor 2404 detects an unsafe condition, such as, for example, due to a sensor mismatch, the safety processor 2404 provides a shutdown signal to the AND gate 2419. In some examples, both the bailout shutdown signal and the shutdown signal are high during normal operation and are low when a bailout condition or an unsafe condition is detected. When the output of the AND gate 2419 is low, the FET switch 2413 is opened and operation of the motor 2448 is prevented. In some examples, the safety processor 2404 utilizes the shutdown signal to transition the motor 2448 to an off state in sleep mode. A third input to the FET switch 2413 is provided by a current sensor 2412 coupled to the battery 2408. The current sensor 2412 monitors the current drawn by the circuit 2400 and opens the FET switch 2413 to shut-off power to the motor 2448 when an electrical current above a predetermined threshold is detected. The FET switch 2413 and the motor controller 2443 are coupled to a bank of FET switches 2445 configured to control operation of the motor 2448.

A motor current sensor 2446 is coupled in series with the motor 2448 to provide a motor current sensor reading to a current monitor 2447. The current monitor 2447 is coupled to the primary processor 2406. The current monitor 2447 provides a signal indicative of the current draw of the motor 2448. The primary processor 2406 may utilize the signal from the motor current 2447 to control operation of the motor, for example, to ensure the current draw of the motor 2448 is within an acceptable range, to compare the current draw of the motor 2448 to one or more other parameters of the circuit 2400 such as, for example, the position encoder 2440, and/or to determine one or more parameters of a treatment site. In some examples, the current monitor 2447 may be coupled to the safety processor 2404.

In some aspects, actuation of one or more handle controls, such as, for example, a firing trigger, causes the primary processor 2406 to decrease power to one or more components while the handle control is actuated. For example, in one example, a firing trigger controls a firing stroke of a cutting member. The cutting member is driven by the motor 2448. Actuation of the firing trigger results in forward operation of the motor 2448 and advancement of the cutting member. During firing, the primary processor 2406 closes the FET switch 2451 to remove power from the position encoder 2440. The deactivation of one or more circuit components allows higher power to be delivered to the motor 2448. When the firing trigger is released, full power is restored to the deactivated components, for example, by closing the FET switch 2451 and reactivating the position encoder 2440.

In some aspects, the safety processor 2404 controls operation of the segmented circuit 2400. For example, the safety processor 2404 may initiate a sequential power-up of the segmented circuit 2400, transition of the segmented circuit 2400 to and from sleep mode, and/or may override one or more control signals from the primary processor 2406. For example, in the illustrated example, the safety processor 2404 is coupled to the step-down converter 2416. The safety processor 2404 controls operation of the segmented circuit 2400 by activating or deactivating the step-down converter 2416 to provide power to the remainder of the segmented circuit 2400.

FIG. 26 illustrates one aspect of a power system 2500 comprising a plurality of daisy chained power converters 2514, 2516, 2518 configured to be sequentially energized. The plurality of daisy chained power converters 2514, 2516, 2518 may be sequentially activated by, for example, a safety processor during initial power-up and/or transition from sleep mode. The safety processor may be powered by an independent power converter (not shown). For example, in one example, when a battery voltage V_(BATT) is coupled to the power system 2500 and/or an accelerometer detects movement in sleep mode, the safety processor initiates a sequential start-up of the daisy chained power converters 2514, 2516, 2518. The safety processor activates the 13V boost section 2518. The boost section 2518 is energized and performs a self-check. In some examples, the boost section 2518 comprises an integrated circuit 2520 configured to boost the source voltage and to perform a self check. A diode D prevents power-up of a 5V supply section 2516 until the boost section 2518 has completed a self-check and provided a signal to the diode D indicating that the boost section 2518 did not identify any errors. In some examples, this signal is provided by the safety processor. The examples, however, are not limited to the particular voltage range(s) described in the context of this specification.

The 5V supply section 2516 is sequentially powered-up after the boost section 2518. The 5V supply section 2516 performs a self-check during power-up to identify any errors in the 5V supply section 2516. The 5V supply section 2516 comprises an integrated circuit 2515 configured to provide a step-down voltage from the boost voltage and to perform an error check. When no errors are detected, the 5V supply section 2516 completes sequential power-up and provides an activation signal to the 3.3V supply section 2514. In some examples, the safety processor provides an activation signal to the 3.3V supply section 2514. The 3.3V supply section comprises an integrated circuit 2513 configured to provide a step-down voltage from the 5V supply section 2516 and perform a self-error check during power-up. When no errors are detected during the self-check, the 3.3V supply section 2514 provides power to the primary processor. The primary processor is configured to sequentially energize each of the remaining circuit segments. By sequentially energizing the power system 2500 and/or the remainder of a segmented circuit, the power system 2500 reduces error risks, allows for stabilization of voltage levels before loads are applied, and prevents large current draws from all hardware being turned on simultaneously in an uncontrolled manner. The examples, however, are not limited to the particular voltage range(s) described in the context of this specification.

In one aspect, the power system 2500 comprises an over voltage identification and mitigation circuit. The over voltage identification and mitigation circuit is configured to detect a monopolar return current in the surgical instrument and interrupt power from the power segment when the monopolar return current is detected. The over voltage identification and mitigation circuit is configured to identify ground floatation of the power system. The over voltage identification and mitigation circuit comprises a metal oxide varistor. The over voltage identification and mitigation circuit comprises at least one transient voltage suppression diode.

FIG. 27 illustrates one aspect of a segmented circuit 2600 comprising an isolated control section 2602. The isolated control section 2602 isolates control hardware of the segmented circuit 2600 from a power section (not shown) of the segmented circuit 2600. The control section 2602 comprises, for example, a primary processor 2606, a safety processor (not shown), and/or additional control hardware, for example, a FET Switch 2617. The power section comprises, for example, a motor, a motor driver, and/or a plurality of motor MOSFETS. The isolated control section 2602 comprises a charging circuit 2603 and a rechargeable battery 2608 coupled to a 5V power converter 2616. The charging circuit 2603 and the rechargeable battery 2608 isolate the primary processor 2606 from the power section. In some examples, the rechargeable battery 2608 is coupled to a safety processor and any additional support hardware. Isolating the control section 2602 from the power section allows the control section 2602, for example, the primary processor 2606, to remain active even when main power is removed, provides a filter, through the rechargeable battery 2608, to keep noise out of the control section 2602, isolates the control section 2602 from heavy swings in the battery voltage to ensure proper operation even during heavy motor loads, and/or allows for real-time operating system (RTOS) to be used by the segmented circuit 2600. In some examples, the rechargeable battery 2608 provides a stepped-down voltage to the primary processor, such as, for example, 3.3V. The examples, however, are not limited to the particular voltage range(s) described in the context of this specification.

FIGS. 28A and 28B illustrate another aspect of a control circuit 3000 configured to control the powered surgical instrument 10, illustrated in FIGS. 1-18A. As shown in FIGS. 18A, 28B, the handle assembly 14 may include a motor 3014 which can be controlled by a motor driver 3015 and can be employed by the firing system of the surgical instrument 10. In various forms, the motor 3014 may be a DC brushed driving motor having a maximum rotation of, approximately, 25,000 RPM, for example. In other arrangements, the motor 3014 may include a brushless motor, a cordless motor, a synchronous motor, a stepper motor, or any other suitable electric motor. In certain circumstances, the motor driver 3015 may comprise an H-Bridge FETs 3019, as illustrated in FIGS. 28A and 28B, for example. The motor 3014 can be powered by a power assembly 3006, which can be releasably mounted to the handle assembly 14. The power assembly 3006 is configured to supply control power to the surgical instrument 10. The power assembly 3006 may comprise a battery which may include a number of battery cells connected in series that can be used as the power source to power the surgical instrument 10. In such configuration, the power assembly 3006 may be referred to as a battery pack. In certain circumstances, the battery cells of the power assembly 3006 may be replaceable and/or rechargeable. In at least one example, the battery cells can be Lithium-Ion batteries which can be separably couplable to the power assembly 3006.

Examples of drive systems and closure systems that are suitable for use with the surgical instrument 10 are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/782,866, entitled CONTROL SYSTEM OF A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT, and filed Mar. 14, 2013, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. For example, the electric motor 3014 can include a rotatable shaft (not shown) that may operably interface with a gear reducer assembly that can be mounted in meshing engagement with a set, or rack, of drive teeth on a longitudinally-movable drive member. In use, a voltage polarity provided by the battery can operate the electric motor 3014 to drive the longitudinally-movable drive member to effectuate the end effector 300. For example, the motor 3014 can be configured to drive the longitudinally-movable drive member to advance a firing mechanism to fire staples into tissue captured by the end effector 300 from a staple cartridge assembled with the end effector 300 and/or advance a cutting member to cut tissue captured by the end effector 300, for example.

As illustrated in FIGS. 28A and 28B and as described below in greater detail, the power assembly 3006 may include a power management controller which can be configured to modulate the power output of the power assembly 3006 to deliver a first power output to power the motor 3014 to advance the cutting member while the interchangeable shaft 200 is coupled to the handle assembly 14 (FIG. 1) and to deliver a second power output to power the motor 3014 to advance the cutting member while the interchangeable shaft assembly 200 is coupled to the handle assembly 14, for example. Such modulation can be beneficial in avoiding transmission of excessive power to the motor 3014 beyond the requirements of an interchangeable shaft assembly that is coupled to the handle assembly 14.

In certain circumstances, the interface 3024 can facilitate transmission of the one or more communication signals between the power management controller 3016 and the shaft assembly controller 3022 by routing such communication signals through a main controller 3017 residing in the handle assembly 14 (FIG. 1), for example. In other circumstances, the interface 3024 can facilitate a direct line of communication between the power management controller 3016 and the shaft assembly controller 3022 through the handle assembly 14 while the shaft assembly 200 (FIG. 1) and the power assembly 3006 are coupled to the handle assembly 14.

In one instance, the main microcontroller 3017 may be any single core or multicore processor such as those known under the trade name ARM Cortex by Texas Instruments. In one instance, the surgical instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4) may comprise a power management controller 3016 such as, for example, a safety microcontroller platform comprising two microcontroller-based families such as TMS570 and RM4x known under the trade name Hercules ARM Cortex R4, also by Texas Instruments. Nevertheless, other suitable substitutes for microcontrollers and safety processor may be employed, without limitation. In one instance, the safety processor 2004 (FIG. 21A) may be configured specifically for IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 safety critical applications, among others, to provide advanced integrated safety features while delivering scalable performance, connectivity, and memory options.

In certain instances, the microcontroller 3017 may be an LM 4F230H5QR, available from Texas Instruments, for example. In at least one example, the Texas Instruments LM4F230H5QR is an ARM Cortex-M4F Processor Core comprising on-chip memory of 256 KB single-cycle flash memory, or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz, a prefetch buffer to improve performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single-cycle serial random access memory (SRAM), internal read-only memory (ROM) loaded with StellarisWare® software, 2 KB electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), one or more pulse width modulation (PWM) modules, one or more quadrature encoder inputs (QEI) analog, one or more 12-bit Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) with 12 analog input channels, among other features that are readily available for the product datasheet. The present disclosure should not be limited in this context.

FIG. 29 is a block diagram the surgical instrument of FIG. 1 illustrating interfaces between the handle assembly 14 (FIG. 1) and the power assembly and between the handle assembly 14 and the interchangeable shaft assembly. As shown in FIG. 29, the power assembly 3006 may include a power management circuit 3034 which may comprise the power management controller 3016, a power modulator 3038, and a current sense circuit 3036. The power management circuit 3034 can be configured to modulate power output of the battery 3007 based on the power requirements of the shaft assembly 200 (FIG. 1) while the shaft assembly 200 and the power assembly 3006 are coupled to the handle assembly 14. For example, the power management controller 3016 can be programmed to control the power modulator 3038 of the power output of the power assembly 3006 and the current sense circuit 3036 can be employed to monitor power output of the power assembly 3006 to provide feedback to the power management controller 3016 about the power output of the battery 3007 so that the power management controller 3016 may adjust the power output of the power assembly 3006 to maintain a desired output.

It is noteworthy that the power management controller 3016 and/or the shaft assembly controller 3022 each may comprise one or more processors and/or memory units which may store a number of software modules. Although certain modules and/or blocks of the surgical instrument 14 (FIG. 1) may be described by way of example, it can be appreciated that a greater or lesser number of modules and/or blocks may be used. Further, although various instances may be described in terms of modules and/or blocks to facilitate description, such modules and/or blocks may be implemented by one or more hardware components, e.g., processors, Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), circuits, registers and/or software components, e.g., programs, subroutines, logic and/or combinations of hardware and software components.

In certain instances, the surgical instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4) may comprise an output device 3042 which may include one or more devices for providing a sensory feedback to a user. Such devices may comprise, for example, visual feedback devices (e.g., an LCD display screen, LED indicators), audio feedback devices (e.g., a speaker, a buzzer) or tactile feedback devices (e.g., haptic actuators). In certain circumstances, the output device 3042 may comprise a display 3043 which may be included in the handle assembly 14 (FIG. 1). The shaft assembly controller 3022 and/or the power management controller 3016 can provide feedback to a user of the surgical instrument 10 through the output device 3042. The interface 3024 can be configured to connect the shaft assembly controller 3022 and/or the power management controller 3016 to the output device 3042. The reader will appreciate that the output device 3042 can instead be integrated with the power assembly 3006. In such circumstances, communication between the output device 3042 and the shaft assembly controller 3022 may be accomplished through the interface 3024 while the shaft assembly 200 is coupled to the handle assembly 14.

Having described a surgical instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4) and various control circuits 2000, 3000 for controlling the operation thereof, the disclosure now turns to various specific configurations of the surgical instrument 10 and control circuits 2000 (or 3000).

In various aspects, the present disclosure provides techniques for determining tissue compression and additional techniques to control the operation of the instrument 10 (described in connection with FIGS. 1-29) in response to the tissue compression. In one example, the cartridges may be configured to define variable compression algorithm which drives instrument 10 to close differently based on intended tissue type and thickness. In another example, the instrument 10 learns from surgeon use and original tissue compression profile to adapt closure based on load experienced during firing. When the instrument 10 experiences tissue compression loads that are dramatically different that those experienced for this cartridge type the instrument highlights this to the user.

Active adjustment of a motor control algorithm over time as the instrument become acclimated to the hospital's usage can improve the life expectancy of a rechargeable battery as well as adjust to tissue/procedure requirements of minimizing tissue flow, thus improving staple formation in the tissue seal.

Accordingly, the present disclosure relates to surgical instruments and, in various circumstances, to surgical stapling and cutting instruments and staple cartridges therefor that are designed to staple and cut tissue. For example, in various aspects the present disclosure provides an endosurgical instrument configured to sense the cartridge type or tissue gap to enable the handle to adjust the closure and firing algorithms to adjust for intended tissue properties. This adaptive algorithm adjustment can “learn” from the user's operations allowing the device to react and benefit two different systems. The first benefit provided by the disclosed adaptive algorithm includes tissue flow and staple formation. As the device learns the users' basic habits and step timings, the device can adjust the closure speed and firing speed to provide a more consistent and reliable output. The second benefit provided by the disclosed adaptive algorithm is related to the battery pack. As the device learns how many firings and what conditions the instrument was used, the device can adjust motor current needs/speed in a predefined manner to prolong battery life. There is a substantially small likelihood that a device used in a hospital that performs predominantly bariatric procedures would be operated in a manner similar to a device used in a hospital that performs mostly colorectal or thoracic procedures. Thus, when the device is used to perform substantially similar procedure, over time, the device is configured to learn and adjust its operational algorithm to maintain within the “ideal” discharge and tissue flow envelopes.

Safe and effective surgery requires due knowledge of, and respect for, the tissue involved. Clinicians are mindful that adjustments made during surgery may be beneficial. These adjustments include mechanisms to detect and promote desirable staple formation.

Endosurgical instruments can generate, monitor and process a substantial amount of data during their use in connection with a surgical procedure. Such data can be obtained from the surgical instrument itself, including battery usage. Additionally, data can be obtained from the properties of the tissue with which the surgical instrument interacts, including properties such as tissue compression. Further, data can be obtained from the clinician's interaction with the surgical instrument itself. The repository of data so obtained can be processed and, where desired, the surgical instrument can be designed to adapt to circumstances so as to promote a safe and effective outcome to the current surgical procedure, as well as lay the foundation for more generalized productive use by multiple clinicians. Such adaptive adjustments—both during a surgical procedure, and wherein the instrument “learns” based on usage patterns drawn from multiple surgical procedures—can provide numerous mechanisms to enhance the overall patient-care environment.

FIG. 30 illustrates one aspect of a process for adapting operations of a surgical instrument. As shown in FIG. 30, in various examples, an adaptive algorithm framework 5000 is provided. A staple cartridge can be identified 5060. Control measures, such as algorithms, can be selected 5062 based on the cartridge identified. These algorithms may include one or more variable compression algorithms that drives instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4) to close in a different manner based on an expected tissue type and/or thickness. Tissue properties can be identified 5064 as an aid to selection of control measures. The clinician can operate 5066 instrument 10 to carry out a surgical procedure, including but not limited to stapling and/or incising tissue. Control measures can be modified 5068, with or without reference to data observed or generated during the course of a surgical procedure.

A surgical procedure can entail generating a significant amount of data on parameters. By way of non-limiting example, these parameters can include those associated with surgical instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4) itself and its functionality, including but not limited to: speed of closure of the anvil 306 (FIG. 1) and staple cartridge 304 (FIG. 1), or speed of closure of anvil 306 and second jaw member 302 (FIG. 1); gap (e.g., distance) between anvil 306 and staple cartridge 304, or anvil 306 and second jaw member 302; voltage; current; motor(s') speed; power management, e.g., battery use; or sensor operation and accuracy.

Additional parameters that may be generated and observed in connection with a surgical procedure can also include those derived from the tissue being operated upon, including but not limited to: tissue compression; tissue thickness; tissue flow; tissue creep; tissue pressure; tissue stabilization; whether end effector 300 (FIG. 1) clamps a full or partial bite of tissue, and whether such partial bite is proximal or distal; speed of closure drive system 30 (FIG. 1); speed of firing drive system 80 (FIG. 4); staple performance; and/or determination if the tissue profile is consistent with healthy tissue or diseased tissue.

Further parameters that may be generated and observed in connection with a surgical procedure can also include those derived from the clinician, such as frequency of actuating closure trigger 32 (FIG. 1) by clinician; force applied on closure trigger 32 by clinician; frequency of actuating firing trigger 130 (FIG. 4) by clinician; force applied on firing trigger 130 by clinician; and/or step timing by clinician.

Even more, parameters can include to what extent the instrument 10: experiences tissue compression loads different from those expected for the cartridge type; experiences a wait period (such as for tissue creep) different from that expected; experiences a firing speed different from that expected; has undergone one or more sterilization cycles; and/or experiences different or similar patterns of use based on the clinical setting. For example, there may be meaningful differences among use of the instrument in a setting directed primarily to bariatric, colorectal, or thoracic procedures respectively.

On top of these, parameters can include accuracy and appropriateness of control measures themselves, such as algorithms, used in connection with operating the instrument. Feedback loops and/or logic paths can be developed that include one or more of algorithms, data based on instrument operation 5070, data based on the treatment site 5072, data based on clinician conduct 5074, and more. Added parameters can be considered and developed.

It will be apparent that there are numerous data resources that can be derived from a single surgical procedure. These data resources can be analyzed in various manners including as a single data point, a plurality of data points, a range or ranges, as a range or ranges, or based on added metrics such as rate of change of current, voltage, speed, or other parameter. Taking into account one, or many, of these data resources can enhance the safety and effectiveness of a single procedure.

In addition, these data resources can enhance the safety and effectiveness of future procedures by the same clinician to the extent that the surgical instrument can “learn” the basic habits and step timings of the clinician. In addition, data can be aggregated from multiple clinicians, further enabling the successful calibration of the surgical instrument in the context of the surgical procedure. It can be appreciated that the hospital or health center in which the data is compiled can develop a unique profile that can further enhance health outcomes. In addition, battery life can be prolonged, as it is learned how many firings and under what conditions the surgical instrument 10 is used. Thus, arrangements to adapt to numerous battery usage metrics are contemplated in examples.

Instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4) can determine whether, based on data obtained 5070, 5072, 5074, a control measure is appropriate or not by various mechanisms. One mechanism is by identifying a predetermined value or values. Such value or values can comprise an acceptable, or expected, parameter. If data obtained 5070, 5072, 5074 leads to a determination that an acceptable range has been exceeded, then a new control measure(s) can be identified 5076 and control measures can be modified 5078 including setting forth a new acceptable value. Exceeding a range can be considered to mean going above a range, below or range, or otherwise going beyond a range. The second control measure can be a minor adaptation of the first control measure, or it can be an entirely new control measure. It will also be appreciated that the predetermined acceptable range can be a single data point, multiple data points, a function or other calculable equation, or any mechanism by which it can be determined that a measurement, property or other metric that can be resolvable into a calculable value differs from an actual, expected or predicted value. It is also understood that a control measure can be compared with another control measure, and the differential effectiveness of each determined, thus forming an input into another determination of whether and which control measures to adopt. Put another way, success of control measures can represent an input.

In addition, expected values for parameters can be embedded in control measures. In other words, an expected set of values for a tissue property can be embedded in a control measure that has been associated with instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4). Thus, it will be evident that numerous expected values for numerous parameters can be populated into numerous control measures. These expected values can be referenced during operations of the instrument in order to determine control measures carried out by instrument 10. Further, observed values can be detected and analyzed by instrument 10 during operation. These observed values can be referenced and help determine the course of selection of current and future control measures of the instrument 10 during the procedure, and also programmed into instrument 10 to set new or modified benchmarks to help determine an acceptable range or ranges of control measures. Further predictions can be made during operation of the instrument 10. The predictions can inform the processing and analysis of measurements, can lead to modifying control measures, and generally adapting to operational circumstances.

Thus, data can be obtained from multiple sources. One source is data based on operation of the instrument (e.g., closure speed) 5070. Another source of data can be that derived from the treatment site 5072 (e.g., tissue thickness). A further source of data can be that based on clinician conduct 5074 (e.g., firing habits). Once this data 5070, 5072, 5074 is obtained, the appropriateness of control measures can be assessed 5076. For example, a certain tissue type may have been expected, and this tissue type was experienced during the procedure. However, it may be that the exudation resulting from clamping was heavier than anticipated. Also, it may be that the clinician has a habit of applying more pressure than may be desirable on the firing trigger 130 (FIG. 1). In short, there may be many data sources that can be consulted to analyze, improve on and potentially optimize efficacy of current and future uses of the instrument. As a result, control measures can be modified 5078 during and/or after a procedure for maximum success.

In one aspect, surgical instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4) can comprise a plurality of modules, based on control mechanisms configurable from a controller and/or other processor, memory, and other systems therein for transmission, communication and processing of data. One of multiple possible modules can be based on a feedback system, as generalized and/or customized for a specific purpose or system. In addition, it will be apparent that there will be a processor 4315 (FIGS. 38, 39) and memory 4317 (FIGS. 38, 39) in operative communication with the surgical instrument 10 that can permit the functionality discussed herein.

FIG. 31 illustrates one aspect of a process for adapting operations of a surgical instrument. As depicted in FIG. 31, a module can be attached 5160 or otherwise loaded to instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4). The module can contain a program that is selected or uploaded 5162. Controls can be activated 5164 such that they can be ready to operate instrument 10. During or after usage of instrument 10, a program, including control measures, can be adapted 5166. For example, this can include adjusting the data rate within the instrument 10 or with respect to remote operation of the instrument 10. This can include adjusting speed, such as speed by which anvil 306 (FIG. 1) and cartridge 304 (FIG. 1) engage in a closure motion. This can also include a pulse from an emitter and sensor or to apply a pulse of electrical current to tissue, and the timing of such pulse. This can include adjusting a program to adapt to acceleration, such as acceleration of the instrument 10 if dropped, or transition from a sleep mode. A program can be adapted to handle an actual and/or expected load based on clamping force.

Instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4) can be employed to complete an action 5168, for example to carry out a stapling procedure. Data can be recorded 5170 in appropriate memory locations of instrument 10. Sensor behavior 5172 can be assessed, such as to what extent a sensor accurately measured and/or measures a parameter. Anticipated data can be assessed 5174, including but not limited to tissue properties, wait period and firing speed. Foregoing mechanisms disclosed herein can provide an input to adapt a program 5166 further. In addition, a tissue identification 5178 can be performed, based on historical, actual or expected tissue properties, and this can provide an input to adapt a program 5166 further. In addition, tissue identification 5178 properties can be updated. Moreover, measured sensor input 5176 during a procedure can be used as an additional input to adapt a program 5166 further; such sensor measurements can include those of the gap between anvil 306 and cartridge 304, obtaining a derivative measurement including a derivative of a function, current, or torque.

FIG. 32 illustrates one aspect of a mechanism for adapting operations of a surgical instrument in the context of closure motion and tissue pressure. In various aspects, closure motion 5216 can be adjusted based on a parameter. An example parameter can be average tissue pressure 5218. FIG. 32 is a diagram that illustrates three phases of carrying out a procedure with instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4). Time (t) is shown along a bottom horizontal axis 5220, a bottom vertical axis represents average tissue pressure 5218 applied to tissue clamped between the jaw members of the end effector. A top vertical axis represents closure motion 5216 of the anvil 306 (FIG. 1) towards the cartridge 304 (FIG. 1) to engage tissue therebetween in a closure motion. A top horizontal axis represents closing 5210 of the anvil 306 (FIG. 1) of end effector to engage a cartridge 304 (FIG. 1) or second jaw member 302 (FIG. 1), tissue creep 5212 wherein material is allowed to exudate from the tissue section held within end effector 300 (FIG. 1), and firing 5214, which can comprise deploying a staple cartridge 304, applying electrosurgical energy, incising tissue, or other suitable surgical event. An anvil 306 can begin to close on a second jaw member 302, which is configured to receive a staple cartridge 304 therein. As anvil 306 closes toward cartridge 304 during a clamping operation, tissue pressure is determined by one or more mechanisms, such as by reference to one or more sensors. A plurality of sensors may comprise one or more identical sensors and/or different sensors. The plurality of sensors may comprise, for example, magnetic sensors, such as a magnetic field sensor, strain gauges, pressure sensors, inductive sensors, such as an eddy current sensor, resistive sensors, capacitive sensors, optical sensors, and/or any other suitable sensors or combination thereof.

During the closing phase 5210, the closure motion 5216 versus time of the jaw members is compared with average tissue pressure 5218 versus time. A first average tissue pressure versus time curve, represented by a dashed line includes three segments, includes a first segment 5286 during the closing phase 5210 of the anvil 306 (FIG. 1) towards the cartridge 304 (FIG. 1) to apply pressure against the tissue grasped therebetween. A second segment 5260 represents the tissue pressure during the tissue creep 5212 phase where the anvil 304 has stopped moving and the tissue is given an opportunity to creep. A third segment represents the tissue pressure during the firing phase during which the staples are deployed to seal the tissue ahead of advancement of the cutting member to cut the tissue.

A second average tissue pressure versus time curve, represented by a dashed-dot line, represents a typical curve observed when the anvil 306 (FIG. 1) is closing too fast 5254. This is represented by the first segment 5152 where the slope P2 of the average tissue pressure 5218 versus time is too steep during the closure motion curve segment 5230 during the acceleration of the closure motion and curve segment 5234 when the closure motion 5216 remains steady until a threshold 5236 average tissue slope 5218 is detected at which time the closure motion drops to a lower constant value shown by curve segment 5238 at which time the slope of the average tissue pressure 5216 curve segment 5256 decreases to reflect the slower closure motion 5216.

A third “ideal” tissue pressure versus time curve 5258 having an ideal slope is represented by a solid line curve segment 5250.

The tissue creep 5212 phase is entered after the tissue is grasped and the average tissue pressure reaches a predetermined threshold and the closure motion 5216 stops such that the jaw members, e.g., anvil 306 (FIG. 1) and cartridge 304 (FIG. 1), hold the tissue therebetween for a predetermined time before initiating the firing 5214 phase in which the staples and knife are deployed. During the tissue creep 5212 phase the average tissue pressure drops over the time period between closing 5210 and firing 5214 phases. The dashed-dot curve (adjusted closing too fast curve) and solid curve (ideal closing speed) segments 5262 overlap.

At a predetermined time 5248, the firing 5214 phase initiates. A typical firing 5214 cycle, is represented by the dashed line average tissue pressure curve segment 5266. An ideal firing 5214 cycle is represented by the solid line average tissue pressure curve segment 5264 where the slope P1 increases 5270, reaches a peak 5272, and then gently decreases 5276. When the firing 5214 phase moves too rapidly as indicated by curve segment 5240, the slope P2 of the dashed-dot line average tissue pressure curve 5266 rises too steeply. When a predetermined slope threshold is detected, the firing speed is maintained constant as represented by firing curve speed segment 5242 and the slope 5270 of the dashed-dot line average tissue pressure curve 5266 decreases. After a predetermined time, the firing speed drops to a lower speed as represented by the firing speed curve segment 5246. After allowing for system response times, the dashed-dot line coincides with the solid line during the lower firing speed 5246.

Closure motion 5216, such as speed of closure, or another measured rate related to closure, can be determined. As the clamping operation progresses, and a parameter increases 5230, average tissue pressure is being measured. The parameter in question can be but is not limited to speed. Average tissue pressure can be plotted graphically. A curve 5252 described by such graph can be plotted. At a certain point closure motion 5216 can be steady 5232. However, a tissue pressure reading can suggest that the closure motion rate is too fast 5254 as indicated by, for example, the slope of curve 5252. It can also be the case that the closure motion rate was too fast, or is predicted to be too fast in the future. This can occur during a period where closure rate is steady 5232, or during a period where closure rate drops 5234 such as where thick, fluid-filled or unexpectedly dense tissue is encountered, among other reasons. Fluid in tissue could cause thickness to increase temporarily, causing undesirable staple deployment. To the extent that it is detected that the slope of average tissue pressure curve 5218 is growing too steep, adjustments can be made. It will also be appreciated that, independent of or in conjunction with slope, a secondary calculation can be made based on the observed parameters suggesting that the closure rate is too fast. An adjustment can be made, such as by decreasing the rate of change of closure motion 5216. For example, an ideal closing speed can be referenced based on stored control measures or dynamically obtained control measures, or both. An average tissue pressure curve reflecting such ideal closing speed 5258 can be referenced.

Accordingly, curve 5258 can influence closure motion 5216 such that the rate of closure is decreased 5238 or otherwise modified to adapt to circumstances encountered during a surgical procedure. It will be understood that an ideal closing speed can represent an optimal closing speed, or one within a range of adequate closing speeds.

Compression of clamped tissue can precede the firing 5214 phase. It may be desired that compression reach a certain average tissue pressure, and/or that the tissue is considered stabilized such that firing 5214 can be warranted. A measured tissue pressure can be reached at a point, for example, representing the intersection of curve 5252 and 5250. Upon reaching this point, the tissue can be allowed to stabilize and the exudate seep from the tissue. Tissue, in part because it is composed of solid and liquid material, tends to elongate when compressed; one way to account for this property is “tissue creep”. When tissue is compressed, a certain amount of tissue creep 5212 can occur. Affording the compressed tissue an adequate amount of time under certain circumstances to accomplish tissue creep can therefore produce benefits. One benefit can be adequate staple formation. This can contribute to a consistent staple line. Accordingly, a certain time can be given to enable tissue creep 5212 prior to firing 5214.

Upon reaching a desirable point, firing 5214 can be commenced. Firing 5214 can comprise one or more actions or events, including deployment of an I-beam and/or other firing member towards and/or within end effector 300 (FIG. 1). An I-beam can comprise a cutting member deployable therein. The cutting member can comprise, for example, an I-Beam configured for simultaneously cutting of a tissue section located between an anvil 306 (FIG. 1) and a staple cartridge 304 (FIG. 1) and deploying staples from the staple cartridge 304.

During firing 5214, average tissue pressure can ascend along curve 5266, comparable with the rate of closure motion 5216. A slope can be calculated for average tissue pressure during firing 5214. The slope can be evaluated to be steeper than desired, perhaps due to an increasing rate of average tissue pressure change in combination with a stable firing rate 5242. If this condition or another condition provided for is detected, instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4) can have the capability to adapt. Measures can be implemented to modify the firing curve 5268 such that a peak can be reached that would be similar to or identical to that obtainable from a more desirable tissue pressure curve 5274.

Accordingly, similar to adaptive mechanisms employed in connection with closing 5210, adaptive measures can be employed in connection with firing 5214.

Tissue-pressure curve 5286 can be referenced which can track a desired tissue-creep rate after reference to an ideal closing speed. Tissue-pressure curve 5286 can be programmed to operate in conjunction with, or be extrapolated from, the closing phase 5210 or firing phase 5214. Additionally, a given tissue type can be referenced that would give certain characteristics when surgical operations are carried out thereon, such characteristics embodying curve 5286. It will be appreciated that various purposes can be fulfilled by referencing tissue-pressure curve 5286, or another tissue-pressure curve, that might be considered an “ideal”, desired, or otherwise “reference curve”. Such a reference curve can assist in improving closing 5210, tissue creep 5212, and/or firing 5214. Such a reference curve or curves can be stored in instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4) or be developed dynamically, or both, and can account for varying thickness of a tissue portion, and many other factors.

In accordance with aspects, FIG. 33 illustrates adaptive mechanisms that can influence actual behavior of instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4) in the process of carrying out a surgical procedure. Speed 5310 can be enumerated on the vertical (y) axis and time 5311 (t) is represented along the horizontal axis. Speed 5310 can represent speed of the motor, speed of closure of end effector 300 (FIG. 1), speed of firing rate, or another speed. As speed increases 5312, sensors can obtain measurements of various parameters. Based on control measures derived from stored algorithms, or dynamically generated algorithms, or both, one or more modifications can be made. One modification can be a tissue modification 5320 that will influence operation of instrument 10 such that speed is upwardly or downwardly adjusted in order to obtain a more desirable set of conditions. An additional modification can be a sensor modification 5330. Sensor modification 5330 can influence the characteristics or values of data transmitted to microcontroller 1500 (FIG. 19) and operatively associated memory units. Microcontroller 1500 can monitor and obtain data from sensors associated with for example end effector 300. Sensor modification can also influence parameter readings at one or more added sensor(s). For example, a primary sensor such as a magnetic field sensor located for example at a distal portion of anvil 306 (FIG. 1) can indicate a certain thickness of a bite of tissue; however, reference to a secondary sensor such as a strain gauge can be factored in such that the measured Hall effect voltage can be adjusted. As a result, inputs such as tissue modification 5320 and sensor modification 5330 can influence an actual speed 5340 that is adjusted to take into account one or both.

Additionally, in accordance with aspects, FIG. 34 illustrates adaptive mechanisms that can influence actual behavior of a firing rate 5410 in the process of carrying out a surgical procedure. Firing rate 5410 can be enumerated on the vertical (y) axis and time 5412 (t) is represented along the horizontal (x) axis. Firing rate 5410 can represent a rate at which a firing member 220 (FIGS. 1 and 7) is longitudinally deployed, a rate at which tissue is incised, and/or a rate at which staples are deployed. In various examples, a firing rate 5410 value can ascend, upon actuation of a firing mechanism. Based on control measures derived from predetermined algorithms, or dynamically generated algorithms, or both, one or more modifications can be made to an original program in the memory that can define the firing rate (here, a steady firing rate 5420). One modification can be a tissue modification 5430 that can influence operation of instrument such that speed is upwardly or downwardly adjusted in order to obtain a more desirable set of conditions. An additional modification can be a sensor modification 5440. Sensor modification 5440 can influence the characteristics or values of data transmitted to microcontroller 1500 from sensors associated with for example end effector 300 (FIG. 1). Sensor modification 5440 can also influence parameter readings at one or more added sensor(s). For example, a primary sensor such as a magnetic field sensor on end effector 300 can indicate a certain thickness of a bite of tissue; however, reference to a secondary sensor such as a strain gauge can be factored in such that the measured Hall effect voltage can be adjusted. As a result, inputs such as tissue modification 5430 and sensor modification 5440 can influence an actual speed 5450 that is adjusted to take into account one or both.

Inputs can be given their actual weight, i.e., without selective weighting. However, in various aspects one or more inputs may not be weighted equally. Certain inputs may be given more weight than other inputs.

Adequate staple formation is a key consideration. Factors that influence staple formation include finding desirable operational envelopes based on tissue compression. FIGS. 48 and 49 illustrate example scenarios where a parameter such as differential tissue compression, as measured by impedance sensors, can result in adaptive firing procedures. FIG. 35 illustrates clamping 5510 operations where tissue compression 5514 is shown along the vertical (y) axis and staple cartridge size 5532 (mm) is shown along the horizontal (x) axis. Measurements from an end effector 300 (FIG. 1) can embrace a tissue portion of length up to 60 mm in this example, though it can be of a greater length in other examples. Tissue compression within the clamping end effector 300 can be measured by impedance sensors positioned, for example, every 6 mm, such as from 6 mm-60 mm. An impedance measurement can be taken at each sensor. During a surgical procedure, tissue can be compressed within end effector 300. Impedance measurements can be taken at times t1 5516 and t2 5518. At time t1 5516, a curve 5522 can be described toward 5520 by monitoring impedance measurements from one more of the impedance sensors (including impedance sensors 5526, 5528 and 5530). It will be appreciated that there may be ten impedance sensors as shown in the example, but there may be more or fewer. At a second time, t2 5518, a curve 5524 can be described toward 5523 by monitoring the same impedance measurements from one more of the impedance sensors (including impedance sensors 5526, 5528 and 5530). Impedance can be measured based on values from one or more of the impedance sensors, along a curve toward 5524. Comparing the impedance values for a given sensor from t1 and t2 can reveal a differential based on staple line length 5512. There may be multiple reasons. One reason can be that the clamped tissue exhibits different compression properties at different locations along staple line length 5512. An additional reason can be that there is a different tissue thickness; in other words, the tissue may exhibit pre-clamping thickness of a profile seen in FIG. 38. Further, tissue creep may have played a role. It is possible that all these reasons contribute to the observed properties, or there are other reasons. In any event, differential tissue compression over time can be observed.

FIG. 36 can illustrate a firing operation 5610, including but not limited to a firing operation based on FIG. 35. In FIG. 36, tissue compression 5612 is shown along a vertical (y) axis and staple cartridge size 5622 (mm) is shown along the horizontal (x) axis. As the I-beam traverses the tissue, tissue compression 5612 measurements are taken by monitoring impedance measurements from one more of the impedance sensors (including impedance sensors 5618, 5620 and 5624). During firing, tissue compression 5612 can rise to a threshold 5630 and then peak at time t3 5670 relative to I-beam location 5614. Subsequently, tissue compression falls between t3 5670 and t4 5672 (e.g., 1 second 5660) relative to I-beam location 5616. This operation can describe a rising curve 5640 and a falling curve 5642. It also may be observed that under certain circumstances a rising curve 5640 can exhibit a convex complexion, and a falling curve a concave complexion 5642. It may be predicted that an I-beam may take more time to traverse tissue with certain characteristics, e.g., thicker tissue, diseased tissue, etc. Accordingly, a different tissue compression profile may be prescribed such that tissue compression measurements observe a second curve 5650, 5652. In addition, second curve 5650, 5652 may result where there is a differential thickness of the pre-clamped tissue, such as that seen in FIG. 38. Portion 5810 is thinner than portion 5812. Traversing thicker tissue can act to slow the relative speed of the I-Beam, leading to different tissue compression measurements over time, and accordingly variable tissue profiles.

Accordingly, a differential in tissue compression measurements between t1 and t2 can lead to an adaptive response whereby control measures adjust a curve of tissue compression during a firing phase 5610. It will be appreciated, then, that the curve peaking at t4 can represent an adaptive curve based on tissue properties that can lead to improved results from the surgical procedure, battery usage, and other operations where an adaptive response can be used.

The shape of the curve can have significance. For example, a convex curve can reflect a rising tissue compression profile during a firing phase 5610. A concave curve can reflect a falling tissue compression profile during a firing phase 5610. A peak tissue compression measurement 5670, 5672 can fall between respective concave and convex curves. (For purposes of this disclosure, a perspective based on which concavity or convexity is found is based on viewing from a higher value on the y-axis than the peak of the curve.)

In conjunction with FIGS. 48 and 49, or as independent examples, control measures can wholly or partially adjust firing in order to prevent a parameter from rising above a certain limit. FIG. 37 shows an example scenario. A first curve 5730, 5732 can be a predicted firing profile stored by instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4) for a given type of tissue. It will be seen that the vertical (y) axis parameter, such as tissue compression, over time (t) along the horizontal (x) axis 5172 can rise as in curve 5730, then fall as in curve 5732. However, it is possible that the values associated with the predicted firing profile diverge, during operation, from values actually observed during the surgical procedure. As a result, instrument 10 can take measures to adapt. For example, the observed measurements can fall along curve 5720, with a slower rate of rise but projected higher peak. Thus, the y-axis parameter can continue to rise. Under certain circumstances, it can be predicted that the curve for the y-axis parameter could breach predetermined, or dynamically determined, limit 5710 prior to reaching its peak. This prediction can be made based on a slope 5722 of the curve, in combination or not with input from the x-axis 5172 parameter (e.g., time). If it is determined that the peak is predicted to be above the limit 5726, or other portions of curve 5724 will breach the limit 5710, instrument 10 could adapt firing in order to provide for a slower firing rate. Doing so can result in the y-axis measurement falling along an adaptive curve 5728 based on slower firing. The adaptive curve can rise above the limit, or be constrained from doing by adapting operations accordingly.

FIG. 38 illustrates a portion of tissue prior to clamping. It can be seen that one end of the tissue 5810 is thinner than the other end 5812. In such circumstances, there can be differential forces and timings exerted by end effector 300 (FIG. 1) on the tissue, and by the tissue on end effector 300. The thickness disparity can be taken into account by instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4) in adapting to such thickness. It may be the case that this tissue portion is similar to the one considered in connection with FIGS. 48-49. It also may be the case that another tissue portion is illustrated in connection with FIGS. 48-49, to show more general applicability. It may further be the case that FIG. 37 is a graphical representation of adaptive operations performed in connection with a tissue portion like that in FIG. 38; again, it also may be the case that FIG. 37 can show more generally adaptive operations in response to detecting measurement of certain parameters during the course of a surgical procedure and adjusting accordingly.

FIG. 39 illustrates a logic diagram of a system 4311 for evaluating sharpness of a cutting edge 182 (FIG. 20) of a surgical instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4) according to various examples. The system 4311 can be configured to perform various aspects of the process for adapting operations of a surgical instrument described in connection with FIGS. 30-38. FIG. 39 illustrates a sharpness testing system 4311 for evaluating sharpness of a cutting edge of a surgical instrument 10 according to various examples. In certain instances, the system 4311 can evaluate the sharpness of the cutting edge 182 by testing the ability of the cutting edge 182 to be advanced through a sharpness testing member 4302. For example, the system 4311 can be configured to observe the time period the cutting edge 182 takes to fully transect and/or completely pass through at least a predetermined portion of a sharpness testing member 4302. If the observed time period exceeds a predetermined threshold, the module 4310 may conclude that the sharpness of the cutting edge 182 has dropped below an acceptable level, for example.

In one aspect, the sharpness testing member 4302 can be employed to test the sharpness of the cutting edge 182 (FIG. 20). In certain instances, the sharpness testing member 4302 can be attached to and/or integrated with the cartridge body 194 (FIG. 20) of the staple cartridge 304 (FIGS. 1, 2, and 20), for example. In certain instances, the sharpness testing member 4302 can be disposed in the proximal portion of the staple cartridge 304, for example. In certain instances, the sharpness testing member 4302 can be disposed onto a cartridge deck or cartridge body 194 of the staple cartridge 304, for example.

In certain instances, a load cell 4335 can be configured to monitor the force (Fx) applied to the cutting edge 182 (FIG. 20) while the cutting edge 182 is engaged and/or in contact with the sharpness testing member 4302, for example. The reader will appreciate that the force (Fx) applied by the sharpness testing member 4302 to the cutting edge 182 while the cutting edge 182 is engaged and/or in contact with the sharpness testing member 4302 may depend, at least in part, on the sharpness of the cutting edge 182. In certain instances, a decrease in the sharpness of the cutting edge 182 can result in an increase in the force (Fx) required for the cutting edge 182 to cut or pass through the sharpness testing member 4302. The load cell 4335 of the sharpness testing member 4302 may be employed to measure the force (Fx) applied to the cutting edge 182 while the cutting edge 182 travels a predefined distance (D) through the sharpness testing member 4302 may be employed to determine the sharpness of the cutting edge 182.

In certain instances, the module 4311 may include a microcontroller 4313 (“controller”) which may include a microprocessor 4315 (“processor”) and one or more computer readable mediums or memory units 4317 (“memory”). In certain instances, the memory 4317 may store various program instructions, which when executed may cause the processor 4315 to perform a plurality of functions and/or calculations described herein. In certain instances, the memory 4317 may be coupled to the processor 4315, for example. A power source 4319 can be configured to supply power to the controller 4313, for example. In certain instances, the power source 4319 may comprise a battery (or “battery pack” or “power pack”), such as a Li ion battery, for example. In certain instances, the battery pack may be configured to be releasably mounted to the handle 14. A number of battery cells connected in series may be used as the power source 4319. In certain instances, the power source 4319 may be replaceable and/or rechargeable, for example.

In certain instances, the processor 4313 can be operably coupled to the feedback system and/or the lockout mechanism 4123, for example.

The module 4311 may comprise one or more position sensors. Example position sensors and positioning systems suitable for use with the present disclosure are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/803,210, entitled SENSOR ARRANGEMENTS FOR ABSOLUTE POSITIONING SYSTEM FOR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, and filed Mar. 14, 2013, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263538, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In certain instances, the module 4311 may include a first position sensor 4321 and a second position sensor 4323. In certain instances, the first position sensor 4321 can be employed to detect a first position of the cutting edge 182 (FIG. 20) at a proximal end of a sharpness testing member 4302, for example; and the second position sensor 4323 can be employed to detect a second position of the cutting edge 182 at a distal end of a sharpness testing member 4302, for example.

In certain instances, the position sensors 4321 and 4323 can be employed to provide first and second position signals, respectively, to the microcontroller 4313. It will be appreciated that the position signals may be analog signals or digital values based on the interface between the microcontroller 4313 and the position sensors 4321 and 4323. In one example, the interface between the microcontroller 4313 and the position sensors 4321 and 4323 can be a standard serial peripheral interface (SPI), and the position signals can be digital values representing the first and second positions of the cutting edge 182, as described above.

Further to the above, the processor 4315 may determine the time period between receiving the first position signal and receiving the second position signal. The determined time period may correspond to the time it takes the cutting edge 182 (FIG. 20) to advance through a sharpness testing member 4302 from the first position at a proximal end of the sharpness testing member 4302, for example, to a second position at a distal end of the sharpness testing member 4302, for example. In at least one example, the controller 4313 may include a time element which can be activated by the processor 4315 upon receipt of the first position signal, and deactivated upon receipt of the second position signal. The time period between the activation and deactivation of the time element may correspond to the time it takes the cutting edge 182 to advance from the first position to the second position, for example. The time element may comprise a real time clock, a processor configured to implement a time function, or any other suitable timing circuit.

In various instances, the controller 4313 can compare the time period it takes the cutting edge 182 (FIG. 20) to advance from the first position to the second position to a predefined threshold value to assess whether the sharpness of the cutting edge 182 has dropped below an acceptable level, for example. In certain instances, the controller 4313 may conclude that the sharpness of the cutting edge 182 has dropped below an acceptable level if the measured time period exceeds the predefined threshold value by 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 100% and/or more than 100%, for example.

FIG. 40 illustrates a logic diagram of a system 4340 for determining the forces applied against a cutting edge of a surgical instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4) by a sharpness testing member 4302 at various sharpness levels according to various aspects. The system 4340 can be configured to perform various aspects of the process for adapting operations of a surgical instrument described in connection with FIGS. 30-38. Referring to FIG. 40, in various instances, an electric motor 4331 can drive the firing bar 172 (FIG. 20) to advance the cutting edge 182 (FIG. 20) during a firing stroke and/or to retract the cutting edge 182 during a return stroke, for example. A motor driver 4333 can control the electric motor 4331; and a microcontroller such as, for example, the microcontroller 4313 can be in signal communication with the motor driver 4333. As the electric motor 4331 advances the cutting edge 182, the microcontroller 4313 can determine the current drawn by the electric motor 4331, for example. In such instances, the force required to advance the cutting edge 182 can correspond to the current drawn by the electric motor 4331, for example. Referring still to FIG. 40, the microcontroller 4313 of the surgical instrument 10 can determine if the current drawn by the electric motor 4331 increases during advancement of the cutting edge 182 and, if so, can calculate the percentage increase of the current.

In certain instances, the current drawn by the electric motor 4331 may increase significantly while the cutting edge 182 (FIG. 20) is in contact with the sharpness testing member 4302 due to the resistance of the sharpness testing member 4302 to the cutting edge 182. For example, the current drawn by the electric motor 4331 may increase significantly as the cutting edge 182 engages, passes and/or cuts through the sharpness testing member 4302. The reader will appreciate that the resistance of the sharpness testing member 4302 to the cutting edge 182 depends, in part, on the sharpness of the cutting edge 182; and as the sharpness of the cutting edge 182 decreases from repetitive use, the resistance of the sharpness testing member 4302 to the cutting edge 182 will increase. Accordingly, the value of the percentage increase of the current drawn by the motor 4331 while the cutting edge is in contact with the sharpness testing member 4302 can increase as the sharpness of the cutting edge 182 decreases from repetitive use, for example.

In certain instances, the determined value of the percentage increase of the current drawn by the motor 4331 can be the maximum detected percentage increase of the current drawn by the motor 4331. In various instances, the microcontroller 4313 can compare the determined value of the percentage increase of the current drawn by the motor 4331 to a predefined threshold value of the percentage increase of the current drawn by the motor 4331. If the determined value exceeds the predefined threshold value, the microcontroller 4313 may conclude that the sharpness of the cutting edge 182 has dropped below an acceptable level, for example.

In certain instances, as illustrated in FIG. 40, the processor 4315 can be in communication with the feedback system and/or the lockout mechanism for example. In certain instances, the processor 4315 can employ the feedback system to alert a user if the determined value of the percentage increase of the current drawn by the motor 4331 exceeds the predefined threshold value, for example. In certain instances, the processor 4315 may employ the lockout mechanism to prevent advancement of the cutting edge 182 (FIG. 20) if the determined value of the percentage increase of the current drawn by the motor 4331 exceeds the predefined threshold value, for example. In certain instances, the system 4311 may include a first position sensor 4321 and a second position sensor 4323. The surgical instrument 10 (FIGS. 1-4) may include a load cell 4335.

In various instances, the microcontroller 4313 can utilize an algorithm to determine the change in current drawn by the electric motor 4331. For example, a current sensor can detect the current drawn by the electric motor 4331 during the firing stroke. The current sensor can continually detect the current drawn by the electric motor and/or can intermittently detect the current draw by the electric motor. In various instances, the algorithm can compare the most recent current reading to the immediately proceeding current reading, for example. Additionally or alternatively, the algorithm can compare a sample reading within a time period X to a previous current reading. For example, the algorithm can compare the sample reading to a previous sample reading within a previous time period X, such as the immediately proceeding time period X, for example. In other instances, the algorithm can calculate the trending average of current drawn by the motor. The algorithm can calculate the average current draw during a time period X that includes the most recent current reading, for example, and can compare that average current draw to the average current draw during an immediately proceeding time period time X, for example.

The present disclosure will now be described in connection with various examples and combinations of such examples as set forth hereinbelow.

1. One example provides a surgical cutting and stapling instrument comprising at least one processor and operatively associated memory, the instrument configured to: store a parameter; store an acceptable value for the parameter; store a first control measure associated with the parameter; and determine, in response to determining that a measured value of the parameter has exceeded the acceptable value, that a second control measure be identified.

2. Another example provides the instrument of example 1, wherein the first control measure is associated with a property of a cartridge operatively engaged with the instrument.

3. Another example provides the instrument of examples 1 or 2, wherein the first control measure is associated with an expected value for a property of a tissue.

4. Another example provides the instrument of example 3, wherein the expected value for the property of the tissue is based on at least one tissue compression value.

5. Another example provides the instrument of any one of examples 1-4, wherein the first control measure is associated with a voltage related to at least one motor of the instrument.

6. Another example provides the instrument of any one of examples 1-5, wherein the first control measure is associated with a current related to at least one motor of the instrument.

7. Another example provides the instrument of any one of examples 1-6, wherein the first control measure is associated with a usage metric related to at least one battery of the instrument.

8. Another example provides the instrument of any one of examples 1-7, wherein the first control measure is associated with a distance between a first jaw and a second jaw of the instrument.

9. Another example provides the instrument of any one of examples 1-8, wherein the first control measure is associated with a measured behavior of a clinician using the instrument during a surgical procedure.

10. Another example provides the instrument of any one of examples 1-9, wherein the second control measure is associated with a closure rate of a first jaw and a second jaw of the instrument.

11. Another example provides the instrument of any one of examples 1-10, wherein the second control measure is associated with a firing rate.

12. Another example provides the instrument of any one of examples 1-11, wherein a clinician is alerted during the course of a surgical procedure performed by the instrument that the measured value of the parameter has exceeded the acceptable value.

13. Yet another provides a surgical cutting and stapling instrument comprising at least one processor and operatively associated memory, the instrument configured to: store a parameter; store an acceptable value for the parameter; store a first control measure associated with the parameter; predict, during a surgical procedure by the instrument, that a measured value of the parameter will exceed the acceptable value; and determine, based on the prediction, that a second control measure be identified.

14. Another example provides the instrument of example 13, wherein the first control measure is associated with an expected value for a property of a tissue.

15. Another example provides the instrument of examples 13 or 14, wherein a prediction is made that a rate of change of a measurement of a tissue property during the closure of a first jaw and second jaw on a tissue portion will exceed an acceptable value, and wherein the second control measure is associated with adapting the closure rate.

16. Another example provides the instrument of any one of examples claim 13-15, wherein a prediction is made that a rate of change of a measurement of a tissue property during the firing of a firing member of the instrument will exceed an acceptable value, and wherein the second control measure is associated with adapting the firing rate associated with the firing member.

17. Another example provides the instrument of example 16, wherein the instrument determines whether the rate of change of the measurement of the tissue property graphically forms a convex shape or a concave shape.

18. Another example provides the instrument of any one of examples 13-17, wherein the first parameter is associated with a measurement of a voltage associated with at least one motor of the instrument.

19. Another example provides the instrument of any one of examples 13-18, wherein the first control measure is associated with a usage metric of at least one battery of the instrument.

20. Another example provides the instrument of any one of examples 13-19, wherein a clinician is alerted during the course of a surgical procedure performed by the instrument that the measured value of the parameter is predicted to exceed the acceptable value.

In accordance with various examples, the surgical instruments described herein may comprise one or more processors (e.g., microprocessor, microcontroller) coupled to various sensors. In addition, to the processor(s), a storage (having operating logic) and communication interface, are coupled to each other.

As described earlier, the sensors may be configured to detect and collect data associated with the surgical device. The processor processes the sensor data received from the sensor(s).

The processor may be configured to execute the operating logic. The processor may be any one of a number of single or multi-core processors known in the art. The storage may comprise volatile and non-volatile storage media configured to store persistent and temporal (working) copy of the operating logic.

In various aspects, the operating logic may be configured to perform the initial processing, and transmit the data to the computer hosting the application to determine and generate instructions. For these examples, the operating logic may be further configured to receive information from and provide feedback to a hosting computer. In alternate examples, the operating logic may be configured to assume a larger role in receiving information and determining the feedback. In either case, whether determined on its own or responsive to instructions from a hosting computer, the operating logic may be further configured to control and provide feedback to the user.

In various aspects, the operating logic may be implemented in instructions supported by the instruction set architecture (ISA) of the processor, or in higher level languages and compiled into the supported ISA. The operating logic may comprise one or more logic units or modules. The operating logic may be implemented in an object oriented manner. The operating logic may be configured to be executed in a multi-tasking and/or multi-thread manner. In other examples, the operating logic may be implemented in hardware such as a gate array.

In various aspects, the communication interface may be configured to facilitate communication between a peripheral device and the computing system. The communication may include transmission of the collected biometric data associated with position, posture, and/or movement data of the user's body part(s) to a hosting computer, and transmission of data associated with the tactile feedback from the host computer to the peripheral device. In various examples, the communication interface may be a wired or a wireless communication interface. An example of a wired communication interface may include, but is not limited to, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface. An example of a wireless communication interface may include, but is not limited to, a Bluetooth interface.

For various aspects, the processor may be packaged together with the operating logic. In various examples, the processor may be packaged together with the operating logic to form a SiP. In various examples, the processor may be integrated on the same die with the operating logic. In various examples, the processor may be packaged together with the operating logic to form a System on Chip (SoC).

Various aspects may be described herein in the general context of computer executable instructions, such as software, program modules, and/or engines being executed by a processor. Generally, software, program modules, and/or engines include any software element arranged to perform particular operations or implement particular abstract data types. Software, program modules, and/or engines can include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures and the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. An implementation of the software, program modules, and/or engines components and techniques may be stored on and/or transmitted across some form of computer-readable media. In this regard, computer-readable media can be any available medium or media useable to store information and accessible by a computing device. Some examples also may be practiced in distributed computing environments where operations are performed by one or more remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, software, program modules, and/or engines may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices. A memory such as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device may be employed for storing information and instructions to be executed by the processor. The memory also may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by the processor.

Although some aspects may be illustrated and described as comprising functional components, software, engines, and/or modules performing various operations, it can be appreciated that such components or modules may be implemented by one or more hardware components, software components, and/or combination thereof. The functional components, software, engines, and/or modules may be implemented, for example, by logic (e.g., instructions, data, and/or code) to be executed by a logic device (e.g., processor). Such logic may be stored internally or externally to a logic device on one or more types of computer-readable storage media. In other examples, the functional components such as software, engines, and/or modules may be implemented by hardware elements that may include processors, microprocessors, circuits, circuit elements (e.g., transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and so forth), integrated circuits, ASICs, PLDs, DSPs, FPGAs, logic gates, registers, semiconductor device, chips, microchips, chip sets, and so forth.

Examples of software, engines, and/or modules may include software components, programs, applications, computer programs, application programs, system programs, machine programs, operating system software, middleware, firmware, software modules, routines, subroutines, functions, methods, procedures, software interfaces, application program interfaces (API), instruction sets, computing code, computer code, code segments, computer code segments, words, values, symbols, or any combination thereof. Determining whether one example is implemented using hardware elements and/or software elements may vary in accordance with any number of factors, such as desired computational rate, power levels, heat tolerances, processing cycle budget, input data rates, output data rates, memory resources, data bus speeds and other design or performance constraints.

One or more of the modules described herein may comprise one or more embedded applications implemented as firmware, software, hardware, or any combination thereof. One or more of the modules described herein may comprise various executable modules such as software, programs, data, drivers, application APIs, and so forth. The firmware may be stored in a memory of the controller and/or the controller which may comprise a nonvolatile memory (NVM), such as in bit-masked ROM or flash memory. In various implementations, storing the firmware in ROM may preserve flash memory. The NVM may comprise other types of memory including, for example, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), EEPROM, or battery backed RAM such as dynamic RAM (DRAM), Double-Data-Rate DRAM (DDRAM), and/or synchronous DRAM (SDRAM).

In some cases, various aspects may be implemented as an article of manufacture. The article of manufacture may include a computer readable storage medium arranged to store logic, instructions and/or data for performing various operations of one or more examples. In various examples, for example, the article of manufacture may comprise a magnetic disk, optical disk, flash memory or firmware containing computer program instructions suitable for execution by a general purpose processor or application specific processor. The examples, however, are not limited in this context.

The functions of the various functional elements, logical blocks, modules, and circuits elements described in connection with the examples disclosed herein may be implemented in the general context of computer executable instructions, such as software, control modules, logic, and/or logic modules executed by the processing unit. Generally, software, control modules, logic, and/or logic modules comprise any software element arranged to perform particular operations. Software, control modules, logic, and/or logic modules can comprise routines, programs, objects, components, data structures and the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. An implementation of the software, control modules, logic, and/or logic modules and techniques may be stored on and/or transmitted across some form of computer-readable media. In this regard, computer-readable media can be any available medium or media useable to store information and accessible by a computing device. Some examples also may be practiced in distributed computing environments where operations are performed by one or more remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, software, control modules, logic, and/or logic modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.

Additionally, it is to be appreciated that the aspects described herein illustrate example implementations, and that the functional elements, logical blocks, modules, and circuits elements may be implemented in various other ways which are consistent with the described examples. Furthermore, the operations performed by such functional elements, logical blocks, modules, and circuits elements may be combined and/or separated for a given implementation and may be performed by a greater number or fewer number of components or modules. As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading the present disclosure, each of the individual examples described and illustrated herein has discrete components and features which may be readily separated from or combined with the features of any of the other several aspects without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Any recited method can be carried out in the order of events recited or in any other order which is logically possible.

It is worthy to note that any reference to “one example” or “an example” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the example is comprised in at least one example. The appearances of the phrase “in one example” or “in one aspect” in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same example.

Unless specifically stated otherwise, it may be appreciated that terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” or the like, refer to the action and/or processes of a computer or computing system, or similar electronic computing device, such as a general purpose processor, a DSP, ASIC, FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein that manipulates and/or transforms data represented as physical quantities (e.g., electronic) within registers and/or memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the memories, registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.

It is worthy to note that some aspects may be described using the expression “coupled” and “connected” along with their derivatives. These terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. For example, some aspects may be described using the terms “connected” and/or “coupled” to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other. The term “coupled,” however, also may mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interact with each other. With respect to software elements, for example, the term “coupled” may refer to interfaces, message interfaces, API, exchanging messages, and so forth.

It should be appreciated that any patent, publication, or other disclosure material, in whole or in part, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein is incorporated herein only to the extent that the incorporated material does not conflict with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth in this disclosure. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth herein will only be incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the existing disclosure material.

The present disclosure applies to conventional endoscopic and open surgical instrumentation as well as application in robotic-assisted surgery.

Aspects of the devices disclosed herein can be designed to be disposed of after a single use, or they can be designed to be used multiple times. Examples may, in either or both cases, be reconditioned for reuse after at least one use. Reconditioning may include any combination of the steps of disassembly of the device, followed by cleaning or replacement of particular pieces, and subsequent reassembly. In particular, examples of the device may be disassembled, and any number of the particular pieces or parts of the device may be selectively replaced or removed in any combination. Upon cleaning and/or replacement of particular parts, examples of the device may be reassembled for subsequent use either at a reconditioning facility, or by a surgical team immediately prior to a surgical procedure. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that reconditioning of a device may utilize a variety of techniques for disassembly, cleaning/replacement, and reassembly. Use of such techniques, and the resulting reconditioned device, are all within the scope of the present application.

By way of example only, aspects described herein may be processed before surgery. First, a new or used instrument may be obtained and when necessary cleaned. The instrument may then be sterilized. In one sterilization technique, the instrument is placed in a closed and sealed container, such as a plastic or TYVEK bag. The container and instrument may then be placed in a field of radiation that can penetrate the container, such as gamma radiation, x-rays, or high-energy electrons. The radiation may kill bacteria on the instrument and in the container. The sterilized instrument may then be stored in the sterile container. The sealed container may keep the instrument sterile until it is opened in a medical facility. A device also may be sterilized using any other technique known in the art, including but not limited to beta or gamma radiation, ethylene oxide, plasma peroxide, or steam.

One skilled in the art will recognize that the herein described components (e.g., operations), devices, objects, and the discussion accompanying them are used as examples for the sake of conceptual clarity and that various configuration modifications are contemplated. Consequently, as used herein, the specific exemplars set forth and the accompanying discussion are intended to be representative of their more general classes. In general, use of any specific exemplar is intended to be representative of its class, and the non-inclusion of specific components (e.g., operations), devices, and objects should not be taken limiting.

With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations are not expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.

The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples and that in fact many other architectures may be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected,” or “operably coupled,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically matable and/or physically interacting components, and/or wirelessly interactable, and/or wirelessly interacting components, and/or logically interacting, and/or logically interactable components.

Some aspects may be described using the expression “coupled” and “connected” along with their derivatives. It should be understood that these terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. For example, some aspects may be described using the term “connected” to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other. In another example, some aspects may be described using the term “coupled” to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact. The term “coupled,” however, also may mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interact with each other.

In some instances, one or more components may be referred to herein as “configured to,” “configurable to,” “operable/operative to,” “adapted/adaptable,” “able to,” “conformable/conformed to,” etc. Those skilled in the art will recognize that “configured to” can generally encompass active-state components and/or inactive-state components and/or standby-state components, unless context requires otherwise.

While particular aspects of the present subject matter described herein have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be made without departing from the subject matter described herein and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true scope of the subject matter described herein. It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that when a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to claims containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations.

In addition, even when a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that typically a disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms unless context dictates otherwise. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be typically understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”

With respect to the appended claims, those skilled in the art will appreciate that recited operations therein may generally be performed in any order. Also, although various operational flows are presented in a sequence(s), it should be understood that the various operations may be performed in other orders than those which are illustrated, or may be performed concurrently. Examples of such alternate orderings may include overlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental, preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous, reverse, or other variant orderings, unless context dictates otherwise. Furthermore, terms like “responsive to,” “related to,” or other past-tense adjectives are generally not intended to exclude such variants, unless context dictates otherwise.

In summary, numerous benefits have been described which result from employing the concepts described herein. The foregoing disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting to the precise form disclosed. Modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The one or more examples were chosen and described in order to illustrate principles and practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the various examples and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the claims submitted herewith define the overall scope. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A surgical cutting and stapling instrument comprising at least one processor and operatively associated memory, the instrument configured to: store a parameter; store an acceptable value for the parameter; store a first control measure associated with the parameter; and determine, in response to determining that a measured value of the parameter has exceeded the acceptable value, that a second control measure be identified.
 2. The instrument of claim 1, wherein the first control measure is associated with a property of a cartridge operatively engaged with the instrument.
 3. The instrument of claim 1, wherein the first control measure is associated with an expected value for a property of a tissue.
 4. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the expected value for the property of the tissue is based on at least one tissue compression value.
 5. The instrument of claim 1, wherein the first control measure is associated with a voltage related to at least one motor of the instrument.
 6. The instrument of claim 1, wherein the first control measure is associated with a current related to at least one motor of the instrument.
 7. The instrument of claim 1, wherein the first control measure is associated with a usage metric related to at least one battery of the instrument.
 8. The instrument of claim 1, wherein the first control measure is associated with a distance between a first jaw and a second jaw of the instrument.
 9. The instrument of claim 1, wherein the first control measure is associated with a measured behavior of a clinician using the instrument during a surgical procedure.
 10. The instrument of claim 1, wherein the second control measure is associated with a closure rate of a first jaw and a second jaw of the instrument.
 11. The instrument of claim 1, wherein the second control measure is associated with a firing rate.
 12. The instrument of claim 1, wherein a clinician is alerted during the course of a surgical procedure performed by the instrument that the measured value of the parameter has exceeded the acceptable value.
 13. A surgical cutting and stapling instrument comprising at least one processor and operatively associated memory, the instrument configured to: store a parameter; store an acceptable value for the parameter; store a first control measure associated with the parameter; predict, during a surgical procedure by the instrument, that a measured value of the parameter will exceed the acceptable value; and determine, based on the prediction, that a second control measure be identified.
 14. The instrument of claim 13, wherein the first control measure is associated with an expected value for a property of a tissue.
 15. The instrument of claim 13, wherein a prediction is made that a rate of change of a measurement of a tissue property during the closure of a first jaw and second jaw on a tissue portion will exceed an acceptable value, and wherein the second control measure is associated with adapting the closure rate.
 16. The instrument of claim 13, wherein a prediction is made that a rate of change of a measurement of a tissue property during the firing of a firing member of the instrument will exceed an acceptable value, and wherein the second control measure is associated with adapting the firing rate associated with the firing member.
 17. The instrument of claim 16, wherein the instrument determines whether the rate of change of the measurement of the tissue property graphically forms a convex shape or a concave shape.
 18. The instrument of claim 13, wherein the first parameter is associated with a measurement of a voltage associated with at least one motor of the instrument.
 19. The instrument of claim 13, wherein the first control measure is associated with a usage metric of at least one battery of the instrument.
 20. The instrument of claim 13, wherein a clinician is alerted during the course of a surgical procedure performed by the instrument that the measured value of the parameter is predicted to exceed the acceptable value. 